Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 61
This difference is, however, a slight one, when compared with the changes which the other parts of speech undergo to make them harmonize in sound with the principal noun in the sentence.
Who acts: difference, other parts, changes · What happens: be, compare, undergo, make, harmonize · To what, where: slight one, changes, sound
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (difference, other parts, changes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | This | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 2 difference | det |
| 2 | difference | difference | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 one | nsubj |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 one | cop |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 is | punct |
| 5 | however | however | ADV | _ | 9 one | advmod |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 however | punct |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 one | det |
| 8 | slight | slight | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 one | amod |
| 9 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 compared | punct |
| 11 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 12 compared | advmod |
| 12 | compared | compare | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 one | acl |
| 13 | with | with | ADP | _ | 15 changes | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 changes | det |
| 15 | changes | change | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 compared | obl |
| 16 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 22 undergo | obj |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 parts | det |
| 18 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 parts | amod |
| 19 | parts | part | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 undergo | nsubj |
| 20 | of | of | ADP | _ | 21 speech | case |
| 21 | speech | speech | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 undergo | obl |
| 22 | undergo | undergo | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 15 changes | acl:relcl |
| 23 | to | to | PART | _ | 24 make | mark |
| 24 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 22 undergo | xcomp |
| 25 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 make | obj |
| 26 | harmonize | harmonize | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 make | xcomp |
| 27 | in | in | ADP | _ | 28 sound | case |
| 28 | sound | sound | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 harmonize | obl |
| 29 | with | with | ADP | _ | 32 noun | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 noun | det |
| 31 | principal | principal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 noun | amod |
| 32 | noun | noun | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 harmonize | obl |
| 33 | in | in | ADP | _ | 35 sentence | case |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 sentence | det |
| 35 | sentence | sentence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 noun | nmod |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 one | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | this difference | a slight one | however property | tree rules | |||
| 2 | compare | participle | with the changes | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Patient with change=Co-Patient | |||||
| 3 | undergo | infinitive | the other parts | the changes | of speech | tree rules | |||
| 4 | make | to-infinitive | the other parts not said here | changes = change | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | harmonize | infinitive | changes = change not said here | sound | with the principal noun in the sentence | vn amalgamate-22.2-2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Patient with noun=Co-Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/61/