Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 76
Owing to this custom, in many instances almost a distinct dialect has come into use.
What happens: owe, come · To what, where: many instances, use
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Owing | owe | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 14 come | nsubj |
| 2 | to | to | ADP | _ | 4 custom | case |
| 3 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 4 custom | det |
| 4 | custom | custom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Owing | obl |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 instances | punct |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 8 instances | case |
| 7 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 instances | amod |
| 8 | instances | instance | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Owing | obl |
| 9 | almost | almost | ADV | _ | 12 dialect | advmod |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 dialect | det |
| 11 | distinct | distinct | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 dialect | amod |
| 12 | dialect | dialect | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 instances | nmod |
| 13 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 come | aux |
| 14 | come | come | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 15 | into | into | ADP | _ | 16 use | case |
| 16 | use | use | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 come | obl |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 14 come | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | owe | gerund | many instances a distinct dialect | to this custom goal | vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent to custom=Goal | ||||
| 2 | come | present · perfect | use | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme into use=Initial_Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/76/