Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 75
The women do not always use the same words as the men, owing to the custom called ukuhlonipa, which prohibits females from pronouncing the names of any of their husband’s male relatives in the ascending line, or any words whatever in which the principal syllables of such names occur.
Who acts: women, custom, ukuhlonipa, principal syllables · What happens: not use, owe, call, prohibit, pronounce, ascend · To what, where: same words, words, custom, ukuhlonipa, females, names · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (women, custom, ukuhlonipa, principal syllables), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 women | det |
| 2 | women | woman | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 use | nsubj |
| 3 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 use | aux |
| 4 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 6 use | advmod |
| 5 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 6 use | advmod |
| 6 | use | use | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 words | det |
| 8 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 words | amod |
| 9 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 use | obj |
| 10 | as | as | ADP | _ | 12 men | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 men | det |
| 12 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 use | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 owing | punct |
| 14 | owing | owe | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 6 use | advcl |
| 15 | to | to | ADP | _ | 17 custom | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 custom | det |
| 17 | custom | custom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 owing | obl |
| 18 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 17 custom | acl |
| 19 | ukuhlonipa | ukuhlonipa | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 called | xcomp |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 prohibits | punct |
| 21 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 22 prohibits | nsubj |
| 22 | prohibits | prohibit | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 ukuhlonipa | acl:relcl |
| 23 | females | female | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 prohibits | obj |
| 24 | from | from | SCONJ | _ | 25 pronouncing | mark |
| 25 | pronouncing | pronounce | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 22 prohibits | advcl |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 names | det |
| 27 | names | name | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 pronouncing | obj |
| 28 | of | of | ADP | _ | 29 any | case |
| 29 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 27 names | nmod |
| 30 | of | of | ADP | _ | 35 relatives | case |
| 31 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 32 husband | nmod:poss |
| 32 | husband | husband | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 relatives | nmod:poss |
| 33 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 32 husband | case |
| 34 | male | male | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 relatives | compound |
| 35 | relatives | relative | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 any | nmod |
| 36 | in | in | ADP | _ | 39 line | case |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 line | det |
| 38 | ascending | ascend | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 39 line | amod |
| 39 | line | line | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 relatives | nmod |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 43 words | punct |
| 41 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 43 words | cc |
| 42 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 43 words | det |
| 43 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 owing | obl |
| 44 | whatever | whatever | PRON | PronType=Rel | 53 occur | obj |
| 45 | in | in | ADP | _ | 46 which | case |
| 46 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 53 occur | obl |
| 47 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 49 syllables | det |
| 48 | principal | principal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 49 syllables | amod |
| 49 | syllables | syllable | NOUN | Number=Plur | 53 occur | nsubj |
| 50 | of | of | ADP | _ | 52 names | case |
| 51 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 52 names | amod |
| 52 | names | name | NOUN | Number=Plur | 49 syllables | nmod |
| 53 | occur | occur | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 43 words | acl:relcl |
| 54 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 use | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not use | present · do-support | the women | the same words | as the men; always property | vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent word=Duration as man=Attribute | |||
| 2 | owe | gerund | the women not said here | any words | to the custom goal | vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent to custom=Goal | |||
| 3 | call | participle | the custom not said here | ukuhlonipa | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | prohibit | present | ukuhlonipa | females | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer female=Theme | ||||
| 5 | pronounce | gerund | ukuhlonipa not said here | the names of any of women's husband's male relatives in the ascending line | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Theme | ||||
| 6 | ascend | gerund | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 7 | occur | present | the principal syllables of such names | whatever | any words | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/75/