Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 83
The different seasons of the year are indicated by the rise in the evening of particular constellations, to which, as well as to several of the prominent stars and planets, they have given expressive names.
Who acts: details · What happens: indicate, give · To what, where: different seasons, expressive names
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (details), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 seasons | det |
| 2 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 seasons | amod |
| 3 | seasons | season | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 indicated | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 year | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 year | det |
| 6 | year | year | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 seasons | nmod |
| 7 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 indicated | aux:pass |
| 8 | indicated | indicate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 9 | by | by | ADP | _ | 11 rise | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 rise | det |
| 11 | rise | rise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 indicated | obl |
| 12 | in | in | ADP | _ | 14 evening | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 evening | det |
| 14 | evening | evening | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 rise | nmod |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 constellations | case |
| 16 | particular | particular | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 constellations | amod |
| 17 | constellations | constellation | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 evening | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 which | punct |
| 19 | to | to | ADP | _ | 20 which | case |
| 20 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 indicated | obl:agent |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 several | punct |
| 22 | as | as | ADV | ExtPos=CCONJ | 26 several | cc |
| 23 | well | well | ADV | Degree=Pos | 22 as | fixed |
| 24 | as | as | ADP | _ | 22 as | fixed |
| 25 | to | to | ADP | _ | 22 as | fixed |
| 26 | several | several | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 indicated | conj |
| 27 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 stars | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 stars | det |
| 29 | prominent | prominent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 stars | amod |
| 30 | stars | star | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 several | obl |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 planets | cc |
| 32 | planets | planet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 stars | conj |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 given | punct |
| 34 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 36 given | nsubj |
| 35 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 36 given | aux |
| 36 | given | give | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 8 indicated | conj |
| 37 | expressive | expressive | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 names | amod |
| 38 | names | name | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 given | obj |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 indicated | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | indicate | present · passive | the different seasons of the year | by the rise in the evening of particular constellations; which obl:agent | vn indicate-78-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot subject=Topic | ||||
| 2 | give | present · perfect | details = detail | expressive names | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/83/