Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 97
The assagai (a corruption of a Portuguese word derived from the Latin hasta) consists of a long, thin iron head, with both edges sharp, and terminating in a point, and is attached by thongs to a slender shaft or rod.
Who acts: assagai · What happens: derive, consist, terminate, attach · To what, where: Portuguese word, Latin hasta, point
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (assagai), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 assagai | det |
| 2 | assagai | assagai | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 consists | nsubj |
| 3 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 5 corruption | punct |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 corruption | det |
| 5 | corruption | corruption | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 assagai | appos |
| 6 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 word | case |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 word | det |
| 8 | Portuguese | portuguese | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 word | amod |
| 9 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 corruption | nmod |
| 10 | derived | derive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 word | acl |
| 11 | from | from | ADP | _ | 14 hasta | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 hasta | det |
| 13 | Latin | Latin | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 hasta | amod |
| 14 | hasta | hasta | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 derived | obl |
| 15 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 5 corruption | punct |
| 16 | consists | consist | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 17 | of | of | ADP | _ | 23 head | case |
| 18 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 23 head | det |
| 19 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 head | amod |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 long | punct |
| 21 | thin | thin | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 head | amod |
| 22 | iron | iron | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 head | compound |
| 23 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 consists | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 edges | punct |
| 25 | with | with | ADP | _ | 27 edges | case |
| 26 | both | both | DET | PronType=Tot | 27 edges | det |
| 27 | edges | edge | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 sharp | obl:unmarked |
| 28 | sharp | sharp | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 consists | parataxis |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 terminating | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 terminating | cc |
| 31 | terminating | terminate | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 16 consists | advcl |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 34 point | case |
| 33 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 point | det |
| 34 | point | point | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 terminating | obl |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 attached | punct |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 attached | cc |
| 37 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 38 attached | aux:pass |
| 38 | attached | attach | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 16 consists | parataxis |
| 39 | by | by | ADP | _ | 40 thongs | case |
| 40 | thongs | thong | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 attached | obl |
| 41 | to | to | ADP | _ | 44 shaft | case |
| 42 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 44 shaft | det |
| 43 | slender | slender | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 shaft | amod |
| 44 | shaft | shaft | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 attached | obl |
| 45 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 46 rod | cc |
| 46 | rod | rod | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 shaft | conj |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 16 consists | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | derive | participle | a Portuguese word not said here | the Latin hasta | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: agent=Agent from hasta=Material | ||||
| 2 | consist | present | the assagai | of a long thin iron head | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | terminate | gerund | the assagai not said here | a point | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||
| 4 | attach | present · passive | by thongs; to a slender shaft or rod | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP PP»: to shaft=Co-Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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