Kaffir folk-lore, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., sentence 97
This proverb is used as a warning to any one to avoid a bad habit or an unworthy companion that cannot easily be got rid of.
What happens: use, avoid, not get · To what, where: proverb, bad habit, unworthy companion
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | This | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 2 proverb | det |
| 2 | proverb | proverb | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 used | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 used | aux:pass |
| 4 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | as | as | ADP | _ | 7 warning | case |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 warning | det |
| 7 | warning | warning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 used | obl |
| 8 | to | to | ADP | _ | 10 one | case |
| 9 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 10 one | det |
| 10 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 warning | nmod |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 12 avoid | mark |
| 12 | avoid | avoid | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 used | advcl |
| 13 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 habit | det |
| 14 | bad | bad | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 habit | amod |
| 15 | habit | habit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 avoid | obj |
| 16 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 19 companion | cc |
| 17 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 companion | det |
| 18 | unworthy | unworthy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 companion | amod |
| 19 | companion | companion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 habit | conj |
| 20 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 25 got | obl |
| 21 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 25 got | aux |
| 22 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 25 got | advmod |
| 23 | easily | easily | ADV | _ | 25 got | advmod |
| 24 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 25 got | aux:pass |
| 25 | got | get | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 companion | acl:relcl |
| 26 | rid | rid | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 got | xcomp |
| 27 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 rid | obl |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 used | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | use | present · passive | this proverb | as a warning to any one | vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as warning=Attribute | ||||
| 2 | avoid | to-infinitive | a bad habit or a unworthy companion | vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent habit=Location | |||||
| 3 | not get | can · passive | a unworthy companion | easily, rid property | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING» |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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