Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 15
In the morning the chief ordered all the boys of the village to be assembled at the cattle-fold, when he spoke to them of the birds.
Who acts: chief · What happens: order, assemble, speak · To what, where: boys, cattle fold · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 morning | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 morning | det |
| 3 | morning | morning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 ordered | obl |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 chief | det |
| 5 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 ordered | nsubj |
| 6 | ordered | order | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 9 boys | det:predet |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 boys | det |
| 9 | boys | boy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 ordered | obj |
| 10 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 village | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 village | det |
| 12 | village | village | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 boys | nmod |
| 13 | to | to | PART | _ | 15 assembled | mark |
| 14 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 15 assembled | aux:pass |
| 15 | assembled | assemble | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 12 village | acl |
| 16 | at | at | ADP | _ | 20 fold | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 fold | det |
| 18 | cattle | cattle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 fold | compound |
| 19 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 18 cattle | punct |
| 20 | fold | fold | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 assembled | obl |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 spoke | punct |
| 22 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 24 spoke | advmod |
| 23 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 spoke | nsubj |
| 24 | spoke | speak | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 boys | acl:relcl |
| 25 | to | to | ADP | _ | 26 them | case |
| 26 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 spoke | obl |
| 27 | of | of | ADP | _ | 29 birds | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 birds | det |
| 29 | birds | bird | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 spoke | obl |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 ordered | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | order | past | the chief | all boys of the village | morning | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent boy=Theme | |||
| 2 | assemble | to-infinitive · passive | the chief not said here | the cattle fold | vn herd-47.5.2 «NP V» | ||||
| 3 | speak speech: other | past | chief | boys = boy | of the birds | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to they=Co-Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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