Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 85
She was very much frightened, and said to them: “I thought there were no people left.”
Who acts: I, people · What happens: frighten, say, think, be, leave · To what, where: woman, boys · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | She | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 frightened | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 frightened | aux:pass |
| 3 | very | very | ADV | _ | 4 much | advmod |
| 4 | much | much | ADV | _ | 5 frightened | advmod |
| 5 | frightened | frighten | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 said | punct |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 said | cc |
| 8 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 frightened | conj |
| 9 | to | to | ADP | _ | 10 them | case |
| 10 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 8 said | obl |
| 11 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 14 thought | punct |
| 12 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 14 thought | punct |
| 13 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 14 thought | nsubj |
| 14 | thought | think | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 frightened | conj |
| 15 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 16 were | expl |
| 16 | were | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 thought | ccomp |
| 17 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 18 people | det |
| 18 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 left | nsubj |
| 19 | left | leave | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 were | ccomp |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 frightened | punct |
| 21 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 frightened | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | frighten | past · passive | woman | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer | |||||
| 2 | say speech: assert | past | boys = boy | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to they=Recipient | |||||
| 3 | think speech: other in a quote | past | I | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | |||||
| 4 | be in a quote | past | there | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | leave in a quote | past | no people | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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