Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, sentence 2
The rain came and he was lost, so he cut the bark from a tree and made with his tomahawk a picture of a fox.
Who acts: rain · What happens: come, lose, cut, make · To what, where: rain, bark, tree
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rain), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 rain | det |
| 2 | rain | rain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 came | nsubj |
| 3 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 lost | cc |
| 5 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 lost | nsubj |
| 6 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 lost | aux:pass |
| 7 | lost | lose | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 came | conj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 cut | punct |
| 9 | so | so | ADV | _ | 11 cut | advmod |
| 10 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 11 cut | nsubj |
| 11 | cut | cut | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 came | parataxis |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 bark | det |
| 13 | bark | bark | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 cut | obj |
| 14 | from | from | ADP | _ | 16 tree | case |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 tree | det |
| 16 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 cut | obl |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 made | cc |
| 18 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 cut | conj |
| 19 | with | with | ADP | _ | 21 tomahawk | case |
| 20 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 tomahawk | nmod:poss |
| 21 | tomahawk | tomahawk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 made | obl |
| 22 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 23 picture | det |
| 23 | picture | picture | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 tomahawk | appos |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 fox | case |
| 25 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 26 fox | det |
| 26 | fox | fox | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 picture | nmod |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 came | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | the rain | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | lose | past · passive | rain | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality | |||||
| 3 | cut | past | rain | the bark | a tree | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.product PP.material»: agent=Agent bark=Product from tree=Material | |||
| 4 | make | participle | rain not said here | with rain's tomahawk | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/14/2/