Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, sentence 7
He had trailed him by the little marks on the trees; by bent twigs and branches; by his footprints in the mud or sand.
Who acts: rain · What happens: trail · To what, where: hunter
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rain), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 trailed | nsubj |
| 2 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 trailed | aux |
| 3 | trailed | trail | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 4 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 trailed | obj |
| 5 | by | by | ADP | _ | 8 marks | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 marks | det |
| 7 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 marks | amod |
| 8 | marks | mark | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 trailed | obl |
| 9 | on | on | ADP | _ | 11 trees | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 trees | det |
| 11 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 marks | nmod |
| 12 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 15 twigs | punct |
| 13 | by | by | ADP | _ | 15 twigs | case |
| 14 | bent | bent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 twigs | amod |
| 15 | twigs | twig | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 trailed | obl |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 branches | cc |
| 17 | branches | branch | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 twigs | conj |
| 18 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 21 footprints | punct |
| 19 | by | by | ADP | _ | 21 footprints | case |
| 20 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 footprints | nmod:poss |
| 21 | footprints | footprint | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 trailed | obl |
| 22 | in | in | ADP | _ | 24 mud | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 mud | det |
| 24 | mud | mud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 footprints | nmod |
| 25 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 26 sand | cc |
| 26 | sand | sand | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 mud | conj |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 trailed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | trail | past · perfect | rain | hunter | by the little marks on the trees; by bent twigs and branches; by rain's footprints in the mud or sand | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent he=Theme by mark=Trajectory |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/14/7/