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Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, sentence 8

He knew the lost one was very weak and hungry, for the last fox picture had three circles to show that he had been lost three days, and other marks to show that he had shot nothing.

Who acts: rain, lost one, last fox picture · What happens: know, lose, be, have, show, shoot · To what, where: three circles, rain · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rain, lost one, last fox picture), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

nsubjdetamodnsubjcopadvmodccompccconjpunctmarkdetamodcompoundnsubjparataxisnummodobjmarkadvclmarknsubjauxaux:passccompnummodobl:unmarkedpunctccamodparataxismarkaclmarknsubj:passauxccompobjpunctrootHePRONknewVERBtheDETlostVERBoneNOUNwasAUXveryADVweakADJandCCONJhungryADJ,PUNCTforSCONJtheDETlastADJfoxNOUNpictureNOUNhadVERBthreeNUMcirclesNOUNtoPARTshowVERBthatSCONJhePRONhadAUXbeenAUXlostVERBthreeNUMdaysNOUN,PUNCTandCCONJotherADJmarksNOUNtoPARTshowVERBthatSCONJhePRONhadAUXshotVERBnothingPRON.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1HehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs2 knewnsubj
2knewknowVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Finrootroot
3thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art5 onedet
4lostloseVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass5 oneamod
5oneoneNOUNNumber=Sing8 weaknsubj
6wasbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin8 weakcop
7veryveryADV_8 weakadvmod
8weakweakADJDegree=Pos2 knewccomp
9andandCCONJ_10 hungrycc
10hungryhungryADJDegree=Pos8 weakconj
11,,PUNCT_17 hadpunct
12forforSCONJ_17 hadmark
13thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art16 picturedet
14lastlastADJDegree=Pos16 pictureamod
15foxfoxNOUNNumber=Sing16 picturecompound
16picturepictureNOUNNumber=Sing17 hadnsubj
17hadhaveVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin8 weakparataxis
18threethreeNUMNumForm=Word NumType=Card19 circlesnummod
19circlescircleNOUNNumber=Plur17 hadobj
20totoPART_21 showmark
21showshowVERBVerbForm=Inf17 hadadvcl
22thatthatSCONJ_26 lostmark
23hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs26 lostnsubj
24hadhaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin26 lostaux
25beenbeAUXTense=Past VerbForm=Part26 lostaux:pass
26lostloseVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass21 showccomp
27threethreeNUMNumForm=Word NumType=Card28 daysnummod
28daysdayNOUNNumber=Plur26 lostobl:unmarked
29,,PUNCT_32 markspunct
30andandCCONJ_32 markscc
31otherotherADJDegree=Pos32 marksamod
32marksmarkNOUNNumber=Plur8 weakparataxis
33totoPART_34 showmark
34showshowVERBVerbForm=Inf32 marksacl
35thatthatSCONJ_38 shotmark
36hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs38 shotnsubj:pass
37hadhaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin38 shotaux
38shotshootVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass34 showccomp
39nothingnothingPRONNumber=Sing PronType=Neg38 shotobj
40..PUNCT_2 knewpunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1knowpastrainvn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
2loseparticiplevn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3ispastthe lost oneother marks parataxis; weak propertytree rules
4bethe lost one not said heretree rules
5havepastthe last fox picturethree circlesvn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent circle=Patient
6showto-infinitivethe last fox picture not said herevn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
7losepast · perfect · passiveraindayvn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality
8showto-infinitivethe lost one not said herevn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
9shootpast · perfect · passiverainnothing objvn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Destination nothing=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/14/8/