Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, sentence 8
He knew the lost one was very weak and hungry, for the last fox picture had three circles to show that he had been lost three days, and other marks to show that he had shot nothing.
Who acts: rain, lost one, last fox picture · What happens: know, lose, be, have, show, shoot · To what, where: three circles, rain · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rain, lost one, last fox picture), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 knew | nsubj |
| 2 | knew | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 one | det |
| 4 | lost | lose | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 one | amod |
| 5 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 weak | nsubj |
| 6 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 weak | cop |
| 7 | very | very | ADV | _ | 8 weak | advmod |
| 8 | weak | weak | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 knew | ccomp |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 hungry | cc |
| 10 | hungry | hungry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 weak | conj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 had | punct |
| 12 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 17 had | mark |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 picture | det |
| 14 | last | last | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 picture | amod |
| 15 | fox | fox | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 picture | compound |
| 16 | picture | picture | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 had | nsubj |
| 17 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 weak | parataxis |
| 18 | three | three | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 19 circles | nummod |
| 19 | circles | circle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 had | obj |
| 20 | to | to | PART | _ | 21 show | mark |
| 21 | show | show | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 17 had | advcl |
| 22 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 26 lost | mark |
| 23 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 lost | nsubj |
| 24 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 26 lost | aux |
| 25 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 26 lost | aux:pass |
| 26 | lost | lose | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 21 show | ccomp |
| 27 | three | three | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 28 days | nummod |
| 28 | days | day | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 lost | obl:unmarked |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 marks | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 marks | cc |
| 31 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 marks | amod |
| 32 | marks | mark | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 weak | parataxis |
| 33 | to | to | PART | _ | 34 show | mark |
| 34 | show | show | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 32 marks | acl |
| 35 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 38 shot | mark |
| 36 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 38 shot | nsubj:pass |
| 37 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 38 shot | aux |
| 38 | shot | shoot | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 34 show | ccomp |
| 39 | nothing | nothing | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Neg | 38 shot | obj |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 knew | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | know | past | rain | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 2 | lose | participle | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 3 | is | past | the lost one | other marks parataxis; weak property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | be | the lost one not said here | tree rules | ||||||
| 5 | have | past | the last fox picture | three circles | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent circle=Patient | ||||
| 6 | show | to-infinitive | the last fox picture not said here | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 7 | lose | past · perfect · passive | rain | day | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality | ||||
| 8 | show | to-infinitive | the lost one not said here | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 9 | shoot | past · perfect · passive | rain | nothing obj | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Destination nothing=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/14/8/