Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes, sentence 31
The Indians do not seem to have used iron before white men came, and were living in what history would call the Stone Age.
Who acts: Indians, white men, history · What happens: not seem, use, come, live, call · To what, where: iron, Stone Age · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indians, white men, history), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 Indians | det |
| 2 | Indians | Indian | PROPN | Number=Plur | 5 seem | nsubj |
| 3 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 seem | aux |
| 4 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 5 seem | advmod |
| 5 | seem | seem | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 6 | to | to | PART | _ | 8 used | mark |
| 7 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 8 used | aux |
| 8 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 5 seem | xcomp |
| 9 | iron | iron | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 used | xcomp |
| 10 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 13 came | mark |
| 11 | white | white | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 men | amod |
| 12 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 came | nsubj |
| 13 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 used | advcl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 living | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 living | cc |
| 16 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 17 living | aux |
| 17 | living | live | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 13 came | advcl |
| 18 | in | in | ADP | _ | 19 what | case |
| 19 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 22 call | obj |
| 20 | history | history | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 call | nsubj |
| 21 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 22 call | aux |
| 22 | call | call | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 17 living | parataxis |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 Age | det |
| 24 | Stone | Stone | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 Age | compound |
| 25 | Age | Age | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 call | obj |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 seem | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not seem | present · do-support | the Indians | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute | |||||
| 2 | use | to-infinitive · perfect | the Indians not said here | iron | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | come | past | white men | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | live | past · progressive | white men not said here | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | call | would | history | the Stone Age | what obj | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent what=Theme age=Result |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/16/31/