Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, III. Leaping Rock in the Pipestone Valley, sentence 16
It was a leap like an arrow shot into the sky; like an arrow which falls and breaks on the rocks the young braves fell sometimes.
Who acts: top, arrow, young braves · What happens: be, shoot, fall, break · To what, where: leap, sky, rocks
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, III. Leaping Rock in the Pipestone Valley. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (top, arrow, young braves), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 leap | nsubj |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 leap | cop |
| 3 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 4 leap | det |
| 4 | leap | leap | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 5 | like | like | SCONJ | _ | 8 shot | mark |
| 6 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 arrow | det |
| 7 | arrow | arrow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 shot | nsubj |
| 8 | shot | shoot | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 leap | advcl |
| 9 | into | into | ADP | _ | 11 sky | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 sky | det |
| 11 | sky | sky | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 shot | obl |
| 12 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 15 arrow | punct |
| 13 | like | like | ADP | _ | 15 arrow | case |
| 14 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 arrow | det |
| 15 | arrow | arrow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 leap | conj |
| 16 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 17 falls | nsubj |
| 17 | falls | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 arrow | acl:relcl |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 breaks | cc |
| 19 | breaks | break | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 falls | conj |
| 20 | on | on | ADP | _ | 22 rocks | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 rocks | det |
| 22 | rocks | rock | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 breaks | obl |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 braves | det |
| 24 | young | young | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 braves | amod |
| 25 | braves | brave | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 fell | nsubj |
| 26 | fell | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 22 rocks | acl:relcl |
| 27 | sometimes | sometimes | ADV | PronType=Ind | 26 fell | advmod |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 leap | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | past | top | a leap and a arrow | a arrow conj | tree rules | |||
| 2 | shoot | past | a arrow | the sky | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent into sky=Destination | ||||
| 3 | fall | present | a arrow | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | break | present | a arrow not said here | the rocks | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on rock=Location | ||||
| 5 | fall | past | the young braves | the rocks not said here | sometimes property | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient rock=Result |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/28/16/