Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXXIV. the Echo God and the Northern Lights, sentence 5
They did this very boldly, for they never believed that strange nations could hear or understand them or the echo’s answer.
Who acts: warriors, strange nations, echo · What happens: do, not believe, hear, understand, answer · To what, where: this, warriors · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXIV. the Echo God and the Northern Lights. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (warriors, strange nations, echo), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 did | nsubj |
| 2 | did | do | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 2 did | obj |
| 4 | very | very | ADV | _ | 5 boldly | advmod |
| 5 | boldly | boldly | ADV | Degree=Pos | 2 did | advmod |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 believed | punct |
| 7 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 10 believed | mark |
| 8 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 believed | nsubj |
| 9 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 10 believed | advmod |
| 10 | believed | believe | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 did | parataxis |
| 11 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 15 hear | mark |
| 12 | strange | strange | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 nations | amod |
| 13 | nations | nation | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 hear | nsubj |
| 14 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 15 hear | aux |
| 15 | hear | hear | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 believed | ccomp |
| 16 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 17 understand | cc |
| 17 | understand | understand | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 15 hear | conj |
| 18 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 understand | obj |
| 19 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 23 answer | cc |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 echo | det |
| 21 | echo | echo | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 answer | nmod:poss |
| 22 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 21 echo | case |
| 23 | answer | answer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 them | conj |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 did | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | do | past | warriors = warrior | this | boldly property | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent this=Eventuality | |||
| 2 | not believe | past | warriors = warrior | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 3 | hear | could | strange nations | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 4 | understand | infinitive | strange nations not said here | warriors = warrior | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer they=Stimulus | ||||
| 5 | answer | the echo | nom answer «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/59/5/