Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 25

No Indian legends or histories have ever explained the meaning of these heaps of earth, which are shaped like animals or birds, and are now sometimes covered by huge trees.

Who acts: Indian legends, huge trees · What happens: explain, shape, cover, mean · To what, where: meaning, heaps

This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indian legends, huge trees), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	DET	PronType=Neg	3 legends	det
2	Indian	Indian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 legends	amod
3	legends	legend	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 explained	nsubj
4	or	or	CCONJ	_	5 histories	cc
5	histories	history	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 legends	conj
6	have	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 explained	aux
7	ever	ever	ADV	PronType=Ind	8 explained	advmod
8	explained	explain	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 meaning	det
10	meaning	meaning	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 explained	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 heaps	case
12	these	this	DET	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	13 heaps	det
13	heaps	heap	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 meaning	nmod
14	of	of	ADP	_	15 earth	case
15	earth	earth	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 heaps	nmod
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 shaped	punct
17	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	19 shaped	nsubj:pass
18	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	19 shaped	aux:pass
19	shaped	shape	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	13 heaps	acl
20	like	like	ADP	_	21 animals	case
21	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 shaped	obl
22	or	or	CCONJ	_	23 birds	cc
23	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 animals	conj
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	29 covered	punct
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	29 covered	cc
26	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	29 covered	aux:pass
27	now	now	ADV	PronType=Dem	29 covered	advmod
28	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	PronType=Ind	29 covered	advmod
29	covered	cover	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 explained	conj
30	by	by	ADP	_	32 trees	case
31	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	32 trees	amod
32	trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	29 covered	obl
33	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 explained	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	explain speech: assert	present · perfect	no Indian legends or histories	the meaning of this heaps of earth	ever		vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meaning=Topic
2	shape	present · passive		this heaps of earth		like animals or birds	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
3	cover	present · passive	huge trees		now	sometimes property	vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme
4	mean			this heaps of earth			nom meaning «communication transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/8/25/

🌲 Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 25

The tree

Pragmatics

Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 25