Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 3
The meanings of the notches were taught by old chiefs to the younger ones, and the stories have been repeated for hundreds of years.
Who acts: old chiefs · What happens: teach, repeat, mean · To what, where: meanings, younger ones, stories, notches
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old chiefs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 meanings | det |
| 2 | meanings | meaning | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 taught | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 notches | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 notches | det |
| 5 | notches | notch | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 meanings | nmod |
| 6 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 taught | aux:pass |
| 7 | taught | teach | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 8 | by | by | ADP | _ | 10 chiefs | case |
| 9 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 chiefs | amod |
| 10 | chiefs | chief | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 taught | obl |
| 11 | to | to | ADP | _ | 14 ones | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 ones | det |
| 13 | younger | young | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 14 ones | amod |
| 14 | ones | one | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 taught | obl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 repeated | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 repeated | cc |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 stories | det |
| 18 | stories | story | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 repeated | nsubj:pass |
| 19 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 repeated | aux |
| 20 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 21 repeated | aux:pass |
| 21 | repeated | repeat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 taught | conj |
| 22 | for | for | ADP | _ | 23 hundreds | case |
| 23 | hundreds | hundred | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 repeated | obl |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 years | case |
| 25 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 hundreds | nmod |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 taught | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | teach speech: other | past · passive | old chiefs | the meanings of the notches | the younger ones | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent subject=Topic to one=Recipient | |||
| 2 | repeat | present · perfect · passive | the stories | for hundreds of years | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality | ||||
| 3 | mean | the notches | nom meaning «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/8/3/