Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 4
Leni Lennape means Men of Men or The People, and these sticks have been held to prove that their nation is one of the oldest among the red men.
Who acts: Leni, nation · What happens: mean, hold, prove, be · To what, where: Men, sticks, one
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Leni, nation), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Leni | Leni | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 means | nsubj |
| 2 | Lennape | Lennape | PROPN | Number=Sing | 1 Leni | flat |
| 3 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | Men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 means | obj |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 Men | case |
| 6 | Men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 Men | nmod |
| 7 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 9 People | cc |
| 8 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 People | det |
| 9 | People | People | PROPN | Number=Plur | 6 Men | conj |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 held | punct |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 held | cc |
| 12 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 13 sticks | det |
| 13 | sticks | stick | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 held | nsubj:pass |
| 14 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 held | aux |
| 15 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 16 held | aux:pass |
| 16 | held | hold | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 means | parataxis |
| 17 | to | to | PART | _ | 18 prove | mark |
| 18 | prove | prove | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 16 held | advcl |
| 19 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 23 one | mark |
| 20 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 nation | nmod:poss |
| 21 | nation | nation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 one | nsubj |
| 22 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 one | cop |
| 23 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 18 prove | ccomp |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 oldest | case |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 oldest | det |
| 26 | oldest | old | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 23 one | nmod |
| 27 | among | among | ADP | _ | 30 men | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 men | det |
| 29 | red | red | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 men | amod |
| 30 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 oldest | obl |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 means | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mean | present | Leni | Men of Men or the People | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent man=Topic | ||||
| 2 | hold | present · perfect · passive | this sticks | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 3 | prove | to-infinitive | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | is a | present | sticks's nation | one | of the oldest among the red men | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/8/4/