Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Key to Marks of Pronunciation, sentence 44
The spirit believed by the Senecas to rule the clouds and air.
What happens: believe, rule · To what, where: spirit, clouds
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Key to Marks of Pronunciation. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 spirit | det |
| 2 | spirit | spirit | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 3 | believed | believe | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 spirit | acl |
| 4 | by | by | ADP | _ | 6 Senecas | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 Senecas | det |
| 6 | Senecas | seneca | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 believed | obl |
| 7 | to | to | PART | _ | 8 rule | mark |
| 8 | rule | rule | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 believed | advcl |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 clouds | det |
| 10 | clouds | cloud | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 rule | obj |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 air | cc |
| 12 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 clouds | conj |
| 13 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 spirit | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | believe | participle | the spirit not said here | by the Senecas | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 2 | rule | to-infinitive | the clouds and air | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cloud=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/86/44/