🧚 Key to Marks of Pronunciation

a: fāte, făt, câre, ärm, a̤ll, pȧss, whạt. e: mēte, mĕt, whêre, hẽr, the̱y. i: dīne, dĭn. o: nōte, nŏt, fôr, do̤, sȯn, wọlf. u: tūbe, tŭb, tûrn, rṳde, pụsh. oo: so͞on, go͝od. obscure sounds: a̯, e̯, i̯, o̯, u̯. c unmarked or ꞓ as in ꞓan. s unmarked or s̞ as in ros̞e.1 Silent letters indicated by italics, as a in head.2

Ăz′tĕꞓ Căl′ĭ fôr′nĭ a̯ Cā nŏn′i̯ ꞓŭs Champlain (shăm plān′) Chĕr ō ke͞e′ Chĭb′ĭ ä bōs′ Chŏk′ȧn ĭ pŏk Dĕl′a̯ wâre Ĕsh kŏs′sĭm Flăt′hĕad Gĕn e̯ se͞e′ Ī′e̯ tȧn Kȧ bĭb o nōk′kȧ Kē′neū Kē′we͞e na̤w Kĭꞓk a̯ po͞o′ Kĭ măn′che͞e Kī′o̯ wȧ Kwä′sĭnd Louisiana (lo͞o′ē zē ä′na̯) Măs′sä soit Mĕn dō′tȧ Mī′ăn tō nō′mo̯h Mĭs sä′bȧ Nä′nä bụsh Nătch′ĕz Nē nē mō′she͞e Ŏn ŏn dä′gä Ō pē′che͞e Săm′ō sĕt Sĕn′e̯ ꞓa̯ Shĭn′gē bĭs Skĭ kĕl′lĭng Squän′tō Tä ꞓō′mä Tähl ē quäh′ T chä′kō be͞ech Tē ꞓŭm′se̯h To͞on kän′ Ŭnk tä′hē Wä bōse′ Wäh bē gwän′ne͞e Wä păk′ō Wĭn nĭ wĭs′sĭ Yăn′nȧ3

GLOSSARY4

Ā dō′ be̱.5 Sun-dried brick used by the Indians and others in the southwestern part of the United States in the making of walls and huts.6

Ăl gŏn′ quin (kĭn).7 A very large division of the North American Indians, including Ojibways, Delawares, Pottawottomi, Blackfeet, New England tribes, and some other branches.8 They were the friends of the French in the early colonial wars, and often the enemy of the Iroquois.9

Ăm pā′ ta.10 The name of a squaw.11

A păch′ ē.12 A warlike western tribe, related to the Tennay.13 Many of the Apaches were sent to a reservation in Arizona in 1874.14

Căl′ u met.15 French name for pipe of peace.16

Car′ i bo̤u.17 American woodland reindeer, the flesh of which is excellent meat.18

Cayuga (Kā yü′gä).19 “The people of the marsh”; a tribe which once lived at the foot of Cayuga Lake, N.20 Y.; they are now living upon reservations in Indian Territory, Wisconsin, and Ontario, Can.21

Cayuse (kī ūse′).22 Indian pony, formerly used by the Cayuse Indians of the northern Rocky Mountains.23

Chaska (Shăs′ ka).24 First son of a Dakota Indian.25

Chĭp′ pe wa. The Ojibway nation.26

Dā kō′ tȧ.27 This name means “united.”28 The Dakotas were strong tribes and were called The Seven Council Fires.29 Their home was in Montana, North and South Dakota, Minnesota, and the Northwest Territory.30 They belong to the Sioux nation.31

Ĕs tu′ fä.32 Spanish name for the kiva, or secret room; also the family room in Zuñi houses.33

Gitch′ ee Gu′ mee.34 Indian name for Lake Superior, the Big Sea Water.35

Hăn năn′ nä.36 The dawn, or morning light.37

Hī′ ȧ quȧ.38 Siwash shell money, made of tusk shells; not wampum.39

Hī a wäth′ a. A wonderful personage, still much honored by the Iroquois.40 He was very dignified, very wise, and believed to be more than mortal.41 There are no stories of his childhood.42

Hi′ nun.43 The spirit believed by the Senecas to rule the clouds and air.44

I̤ ä go͞o.45 The boaster, the story-teller.46

Iroquois (Ir′ o quoy).47 The French name for the united tribes of central New York.48 The Iroquois were the friends of the English in 1775.49 They are a division by themselves, akin to the Sioux.50

Käcluge (Ka cloozh′).51 The Navajo butterfly spirit.52

Kāi′ dah.53 A Canadian tribe.54

Kiva (kee′ vah).55 The secret room or sweat-house of the Pueblos.56 The priests of the tribe use these kivas in giving instructions in the secret rites of their religious orders to the young men of the tribe.57

Leel′ i naw.58 An Indian girl who became a tree, according to a Lake Superior myth.59

Len i Len napes′.60 One of the Algonquin tribes.61 They were called Loups, or Wolves, by the French, as their chief totem was the wolf.62 The English called them Delawares, for they found them near the Delaware River.63 Their chiefs were celebrated for their wisdom.64 Their name is sometimes spelled Leni-Lenapes.65

Lodge.66 An English name for a wigwam, teepee, or other dwelling built by Indians.67

Mah′ to.68 The white bear.69

Man′ i tou.70 A spirit, whether good or evil.71 All created things were once believed by some tribes to have their manitous which lived in them.72 The Great Manitou ruled over all of them.73 An Algonquin word not used by other nations.74

Mechabo (Me sha′ bo).75 Another French form of the name of the Ojibway Foolish One.76 Also spelled Missaba, Mesaba; and there are some other similar forms.77 The Ojibways also give him a name which means the Great Hare.78

Mē maing′ gwah.79 The butterfly.80

Men a bō′ zhō.81 The French form of the name of the Foolish One of the Ojibways.82 He was believed to be the creator of the land after the deluge, and ruler of all creatures upon it.83 He is constantly doing many tricks to annoy the water manitous, who annoy him in return.84 The land creatures often attempt to outwit him; many humorous stories told of him by the Ojibways have become famous as a part of the story of Hiawatha.85

Me̱′ sä.86 Spanish name for a broad, flat river-terrace or tableland.87

Me tik′ o mēēsh.88 The oak tree.89

Min ne hä′ hä Falls.90 A cascade sixty feet high in Minnehaha Creek, near Minneapolis, Minn.91

Mo′ hawks.92 A tribe which lived in northern New York.93 Their name is derived from Mukwa, meaning “bear.”94 They were the first tribe to use firearms.95

Moki or Moqui (Mō′ kee).96 A tribe of the Pueblos.97 The United States government has recently decided to use the form Moki instead of Moqui.98 Their true name is Hōpitah, or People of Peace.99 Many call them the Hōpi.100 Moki is a Navajo word of reproach.101

Mŭk′ wa. The bear.102

Navajo (Nä′ vä hō).103 Spanish name for the Tennay, a very intelligent tribe of North American Indians now living on reservations in Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.104

Nĭb a năb′ as.105 Little water spirits, so called by the Chippewas.106

No kō′ mis.107 Chippewa word, meaning “grandmother.”108

O jib′ ways.109 The Chippewa Indians.110 They are a strong tribe of the Algonquins, who, with others, have been driven by the wars with the Iroquois to the regions about Lake Superior.111 Many live on reservations in Minnesota and Wisconsin.112 From the Ojibways and other Algonquin tribes the whites learned to make maple sugar, hominy, and corn cake.113 They have for generations raised corn, beans, and pumpkins.114

Olla (ol′ la or ol′ ya).115 Spanish name for the earthenware water jar commonly used in the southwestern part of the United States by Indians and others for the cooling of water.116

Oneidas (O nī′ das).117 One tribe of the Iroquois.118

Paw nee′.119 Indian tribe always at war with the Sioux; now living in Indian Territory.120

Pē bō′ an.121 The manitou of winter.122

Pu eb′ lo.123 Spanish name for village.124

Puk wud jin′ nies.125 Fairies in the woods.126

Sault Ste.127 Marie (Soo′ sent mä ree′).128 French name for the river which connects Lake Superior and Lake Huron.129

Sē′ gun.130 The manitou of summer and spring.131

Se-quoy′ ah.132 Guesser, a famous Cherokee Indian.133

Shaw on dä′ see.134 The south wind.135

Sioux (Soo).136 The French name for the people called by the Algonquins nadiwe-ssiwag, or the treacherous ones, from their manner of warfare.137 The Sioux nation comprised the Dakota and Assiniboin tribes; those Indians living in the middle west of the United States from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River; and also many tribes in Virginia, Kentucky, North and South Carolina, and Mississippi.138 They are noted for bravery and intelligence.139

Sī′ wash.140 Sauvage.141 Indians living near Puget Sound and northward.142

Suc′ co tash.143 Indian corn and beans cooked in one dish.144

Tä män′ ous.145 Siwash word for guardian spirit.146

Tee′ pee.147 Indian circular house or tent made of poles covered with skins or cloth.148

Ten′ nay.149 See Apache and Navajo.150

Ti ō′ ta.151 A lake in central New York.152

Tom′ a hawk.153 An Indian battle ax.154

Tŭs ca ro′ ras.155 A tribe from North Carolina which joined the Iroquois in 1712.156 They now live upon a reservation in western New York, near Niagara Falls, and are noted for their fine farms, schools, and churches.157

Wä bas′ so.158 The Chippewa word for rabbit.159

Wau bē′ sē.160 The wild swan.161

Wee′ di goes.162 Mythical giants.163 A Chippewa word.164

Wick′ i up.165 A brushwood tent-like house used by the Apaches and other roving tribes.166 It is made of short poles or brush bent over, fastened together, and covered hastily with skins, blankets, or other covering.167 It is never carried from place to place as the teepee and wigwam are by other tribes.168

Wig′ wam.169 A circular tent-like house made of birch bark or other bark by the New England tribes and others.170 It is easily rolled and carried from place to place.171

Zuñi (Zoon′ ye).172 A semi-civilized Pueblo tribe, perhaps the best known of any of the Village Indians of the United States.173 They have a governor and lieutenant-governor of their own; good laws, good farms, and are a remarkable people.174 Very few of them can understand English.175