Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Wampum Money, sentence 1
Wampum has been used among the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains since the whites first had dealings with them.
Who acts: whites · What happens: use, have · To what, where: Wampum, dealings
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Wampum Money. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (whites), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wampum | wampum | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 used | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 used | aux |
| 3 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 used | aux:pass |
| 4 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | among | among | ADP | _ | 8 east | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 east | det |
| 7 | Indians | Indian | PROPN | Number=Plur | 8 east | compound |
| 8 | east | east | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 used | obl |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 Mountains | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 Mountains | det |
| 11 | Rocky | Rocky | PROPN | _ | 12 Mountains | compound |
| 12 | Mountains | Mountain | PROPN | Number=Plur | 8 east | nmod |
| 13 | since | since | SCONJ | _ | 17 had | mark |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 whites | det |
| 15 | whites | white | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 had | nsubj |
| 16 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 17 had | advmod |
| 17 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 used | advcl |
| 18 | dealings | dealing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 had | obj |
| 19 | with | with | ADP | _ | 20 them | case |
| 20 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 dealings | nmod |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 used | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | use | present · perfect · passive | Wampum | among the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | ||||
| 2 | have | past | the whites | dealings | with dealings = dealing; first property | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dealing=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/9/1/