Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, Rapaki: a Village By the Sea., sentence 65
Remains there but a remnant from the general slaughter with fire and axe and crosscut saw--a copse on yonder rocky point on the Lyttelton side of the hamlet, where the poetically named _ake-rautangi_, the _ake_ of the “crying leaves” and a few other shrubs hold their little stony fort; and in Taare Tikao’s garden the _kaumatua_ has some treasured plants, such as the handsome _rau-tawhiri_ shrub, and the flowering _hakeke_, a variety of _ake_, the leaves of which when crushed in the hand have a lemon-like perfume; the Natives used to boil them for the _hinu kakara_, the fragrant oil expressed.
Who acts: Remains, _, kaumatua, flowering, leaves, Natives · What happens: see, name, ake, cry, hold, have · To what, where: copse, rocky point, rautangi, little stony fort, treasured plants, garden · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Rapaki: a Village By the Sea.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Remains, _, kaumatua, flowering), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Remains | remains | NOUN | Number=Ptan | 16 saw | nsubj |
| 2 | there | there | ADV | PronType=Dem | 1 Remains | advmod |
| 3 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 5 remnant | cc |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 remnant | det |
| 5 | remnant | remnant | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Remains | conj |
| 6 | from | from | ADP | _ | 9 slaughter | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 slaughter | det |
| 8 | general | general | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 slaughter | amod |
| 9 | slaughter | slaughter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 remnant | nmod |
| 10 | with | with | ADP | _ | 11 fire | case |
| 11 | fire | fire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 slaughter | nmod |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 axe | cc |
| 13 | axe | axe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 slaughter | conj |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 crosscut | cc |
| 15 | crosscut | crosscut | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 slaughter | conj |
| 16 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 17 | -- | -- | PUNCT | _ | 19 copse | punct |
| 18 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 copse | det |
| 19 | copse | copse | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 saw | obj |
| 20 | on | on | ADP | _ | 23 point | case |
| 21 | yonder | yonder | ADV | _ | 22 rocky | advmod |
| 22 | rocky | rocky | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 point | amod |
| 23 | point | point | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 copse | nmod |
| 24 | on | on | ADP | _ | 27 side | case |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 side | det |
| 26 | Lyttelton | Lyttelton | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 side | compound |
| 27 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 point | nmod |
| 28 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 hamlet | case |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 hamlet | det |
| 30 | hamlet | hamlet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 side | nmod |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 named | punct |
| 32 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 35 named | advmod |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 named | det |
| 34 | poetically | poetically | ADV | _ | 35 named | advmod |
| 35 | named | name | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 30 hamlet | acl:relcl |
| 36 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 37 ake | punct |
| 37 | ake | ake | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 16 saw | ccomp |
| 38 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 39 rautangi | punct |
| 39 | rautangi | rautangi | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 ake | obj |
| 40 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 37 ake | punct |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 ake | punct |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 _ | det |
| 43 | _ | _ | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 ake | nsubj |
| 44 | ake | ake | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 saw | parataxis |
| 45 | _ | _ | NOUN | Number=Plur | 57 hold | nsubj |
| 46 | of | of | ADP | _ | 50 leaves | case |
| 47 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 50 leaves | det |
| 48 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 50 leaves | punct |
| 49 | crying | cry | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 50 leaves | amod |
| 50 | leaves | leaf | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 _ | nmod |
| 51 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 50 leaves | punct |
| 52 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 56 shrubs | cc |
| 53 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 56 shrubs | det |
| 54 | few | few | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 56 shrubs | amod |
| 55 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 56 shrubs | amod |
| 56 | shrubs | shrub | NOUN | Number=Plur | 50 leaves | conj |
| 57 | hold | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 44 ake | conj |
| 58 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 61 fort | nmod:poss |
| 59 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 61 fort | amod |
| 60 | stony | stony | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 61 fort | amod |
| 61 | fort | fort | NOUN | Number=Sing | 57 hold | obj |
| 62 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 73 has | punct |
| 63 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 73 has | cc |
| 64 | in | in | ADP | _ | 68 garden | case |
| 65 | Taare | Taare | PROPN | Number=Sing | 68 garden | nmod:poss |
| 66 | Tikao | Tikao | PROPN | Number=Sing | 65 Taare | flat |
| 67 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 65 Taare | case |
| 68 | garden | garden | NOUN | Number=Sing | 73 has | obl |
| 69 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 71 kaumatua | det |
| 70 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 71 kaumatua | punct |
| 71 | kaumatua | kaumatua | PROPN | Number=Sing | 73 has | nsubj |
| 72 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 71 kaumatua | punct |
| 73 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 saw | parataxis |
| 74 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 76 plants | det |
| 75 | treasured | treasure | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 76 plants | amod |
| 76 | plants | plant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 73 has | obj |
| 77 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 85 tawhiri | punct |
| 78 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP | 85 tawhiri | case |
| 79 | as | as | ADP | _ | 78 such | fixed |
| 80 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 83 rau | det |
| 81 | handsome | handsome | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 83 rau | amod |
| 82 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 81 handsome | punct |
| 83 | rau | rau | NOUN | Number=Sing | 85 tawhiri | compound |
| 84 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 83 rau | punct |
| 85 | tawhiri | tawhiri | NOUN | Number=Sing | 76 plants | conj |
| 86 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 87 shrub | punct |
| 87 | shrub | shrub | NOUN | Number=Sing | 76 plants | conj |
| 88 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 100 ake | punct |
| 89 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 100 ake | cc |
| 90 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 91 flowering | det |
| 91 | flowering | flowering | NOUN | Number=Sing | 100 ake | nsubj |
| 92 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 93 hakeke | punct |
| 93 | hakeke | hakeke | NOUN | Number=Sing | 91 flowering | appos |
| 94 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 93 hakeke | punct |
| 95 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 97 variety | punct |
| 96 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 97 variety | det |
| 97 | variety | variety | NOUN | Number=Sing | 91 flowering | appos |
| 98 | of | of | ADP | _ | 99 _ | case |
| 99 | _ | _ | NOUN | Number=Plur | 97 variety | nmod |
| 100 | ake | ake | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 saw | parataxis |
| 101 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 100 ake | punct |
| 102 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 104 leaves | punct |
| 103 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 104 leaves | det |
| 104 | leaves | leaf | NOUN | Number=Plur | 112 have | nsubj |
| 105 | of | of | ADP | _ | 106 which | case |
| 106 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 108 crushed | nsubj:pass |
| 107 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 108 crushed | advmod |
| 108 | crushed | crush | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 104 leaves | acl:relcl |
| 109 | in | in | ADP | _ | 111 hand | case |
| 110 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 111 hand | det |
| 111 | hand | hand | NOUN | Number=Sing | 108 crushed | obl |
| 112 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 100 ake | parataxis |
| 113 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 117 perfume | det |
| 114 | lemon | lemon | NOUN | Number=Sing | 116 like | compound |
| 115 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 114 lemon | punct |
| 116 | like | like | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 117 perfume | amod |
| 117 | perfume | perfume | NOUN | Number=Sing | 112 have | obj |
| 118 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 121 used | punct |
| 119 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 120 Natives | det |
| 120 | Natives | native | NOUN | Number=Plur | 121 used | nsubj |
| 121 | used | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 saw | conj |
| 122 | to | to | PART | _ | 123 boil | mark |
| 123 | boil | boil | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 121 used | xcomp |
| 124 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 123 boil | obj |
| 125 | for | for | ADP | _ | 128 hinu | case |
| 126 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 128 hinu | det |
| 127 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 128 hinu | punct |
| 128 | hinu | hinu | X | Foreign=Yes | 123 boil | obj |
| 129 | kakara | kakara | X | Foreign=Yes | 128 hinu | flat:foreign |
| 130 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 121 used | punct |
| 131 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 134 oil | punct |
| 132 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 134 oil | det |
| 133 | fragrant | fragrant | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 134 oil | amod |
| 134 | oil | oil | NOUN | Number=Sing | 121 used | obl |
| 135 | expressed | express | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 134 oil | acl |
| 136 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 16 saw | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | see | past | Remains but a remnant from the general slaughter with fire and axe and crosscut | a copse | rocky point on the Lyttelton side of the hamlet | tree rules | |||
| 2 | name | participle | poetically property | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | ake | infinitive | rautangi | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | ake | present | the _ | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | cry speech: express in a quote | gerund | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | hold | present | _ of the crying leaves and a few other shrubs | Remains's little stony fort | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fort=Theme | ||||
| 7 | have | present | the kaumatua | some treasured plants and rau tawhiri and shrub | Taare's garden | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plant=Patient | |||
| 8 | treasure | participle | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer | ||||||
| 9 | ake | present | the flowering | tree rules | |||||
| 10 | crush | participle · passive | the leaves | the hand | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | ||||
| 11 | have | present | the leaves | a like perfume | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent perfume=Patient | ||||
| 12 | use | past | the Natives | the fragrant oil | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 13 | boil | to-infinitive | the Natives not said here | Natives = native | vn preparing-26.3-2 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary hinu=Patient | ||||
| 14 | express | participle | the fragrant oil not said here | vn reflexive_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/12/65/