Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, How the Sacred Fire Came to Witch Hill., sentence 8
The march downhill of this curious upstanding dyke of lava, grey against the more sombre tints of the range, may be traced in the masses of lava boulders through which the Rapaki water-course has cut its way in its lustier days.
What happens: upstand, trace, cut · To what, where: march, masses, Rapaki water course, lava boulders
This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, How the Sacred Fire Came to Witch Hill.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 march | det |
| 2 | march | march | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 traced | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | downhill | downhill | ADV | _ | 8 dyke | advmod |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 dyke | case |
| 5 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 8 dyke | nsubj |
| 6 | curious | curious | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 dyke | amod |
| 7 | upstanding | upstand | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 8 dyke | amod |
| 8 | dyke | dyke | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 march | appos |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 lava | case |
| 10 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 dyke | nmod |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 grey | punct |
| 12 | grey | grey | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 dyke | appos |
| 13 | against | against | ADP | _ | 17 tints | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 tints | det |
| 15 | more | more | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 16 sombre | advmod |
| 16 | sombre | sombre | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 tints | amod |
| 17 | tints | tint | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 grey | obl |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 range | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 range | det |
| 20 | range | range | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 tints | nmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 march | punct |
| 22 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 24 traced | aux |
| 23 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 24 traced | aux:pass |
| 24 | traced | trace | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 25 | in | in | ADP | _ | 27 masses | case |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 masses | det |
| 27 | masses | mass | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 traced | obl |
| 28 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 boulders | case |
| 29 | lava | lava | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 boulders | compound |
| 30 | boulders | boulder | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 masses | nmod |
| 31 | through | through | ADP | _ | 32 which | case |
| 32 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 39 cut | obl |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 course | det |
| 34 | Rapaki | Rapaki | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 course | compound |
| 35 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 course | compound |
| 36 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 35 water | punct |
| 37 | course | course | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 cut | nsubj:pass |
| 38 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 39 cut | aux |
| 39 | cut | cut | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 30 boulders | acl:relcl |
| 40 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 41 way | nmod:poss |
| 41 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 cut | obj |
| 42 | in | in | ADP | _ | 45 days | case |
| 43 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 45 days | nmod:poss |
| 44 | lustier | lusty | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 45 days | amod |
| 45 | days | day | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 cut | obl |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 24 traced | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | upstand | gerund | tree rules | ||||||
| 2 | trace | may · passive | the march | the masses of lava boulders | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in mass=Destination | ||||
| 3 | cut | present · perfect · passive | the Rapaki water course | lava boulders | day | course's way obj | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary way=Product |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/13/8/