Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, The Little People of the Mist., sentence 12
We went birding into the forest, and we made clearings for cultivations and cut firewood in the bush for sale to the _pakeha_.
Who acts: We · What happens: go, bird, make, cut · To what, where: forest, clearings, bush
This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, The Little People of the Mist.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (We), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | We | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 2 went | nsubj |
| 2 | went | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | birding | bird | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 2 went | xcomp |
| 4 | into | into | ADP | _ | 6 forest | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 forest | det |
| 6 | forest | forest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 birding | obl |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 made | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 made | cc |
| 9 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 10 made | nsubj |
| 10 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 went | parataxis |
| 11 | clearings | clearing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 made | obj |
| 12 | for | for | ADP | _ | 13 cultivations | case |
| 13 | cultivations | cultivation | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 made | obl |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 firewood | cc |
| 15 | cut | cut | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 16 firewood | amod |
| 16 | firewood | firewood | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 cultivations | conj |
| 17 | in | in | ADP | _ | 19 bush | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 bush | det |
| 19 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 made | obl |
| 20 | for | for | ADP | _ | 21 sale | case |
| 21 | sale | sale | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 bush | nmod |
| 22 | to | to | ADP | _ | 25 pakeha | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 pakeha | det |
| 24 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 25 pakeha | punct |
| 25 | pakeha | pakeha | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 sale | nmod |
| 26 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 10 made | punct |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 went | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | go | past | We | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | bird | gerund | We not said here | the forest | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | make | past | we | clearings | the bush for sale to the pakeha | for cultivations and cut firewood | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: agent=Agent clearing=Product for cultivation=Asset | ||
| 4 | cut | participle | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/14/12/