The grateful elephant, Opening, part 2, sentence 3
It may interest the reader to know that these texts, originating in North India in the lifetime of Gotama, were handed down by oral tradition for many generations, were reduced to canonical form within a century or two of the death of Gotama, were carried to Ceylon in the third century B.C., were written down for the first time in the first century B.C., and were copied and recopied on palm-leaves by successive generations of scribes until comparatively recent times.
Who acts: date, texts, oral tradition, successive generations, Gotama · What happens: interest, know, originate, hand down, reduce, carry · To what, where: North India, interest, canonical form, Ceylon, palm leaves · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (date, texts, oral tradition, successive generations), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 interest | nsubj |
| 2 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 3 interest | aux |
| 3 | interest | interest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 handed | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 reader | det |
| 5 | reader | reader | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 interest | nsubj |
| 6 | to | to | PART | _ | 7 know | mark |
| 7 | know | know | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 5 reader | acl |
| 8 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 12 originating | mark |
| 9 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 10 texts | det |
| 10 | texts | text | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 originating | nsubj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 originating | punct |
| 12 | originating | originate | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 7 know | ccomp |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 India | case |
| 14 | North | North | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 India | compound |
| 15 | India | India | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 originating | obl |
| 16 | in | in | ADP | _ | 18 lifetime | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 lifetime | det |
| 18 | lifetime | lifetime | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 originating | obl |
| 19 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 Gotama | case |
| 20 | Gotama | Gotama | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 lifetime | nmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 interest | punct |
| 22 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 handed | aux:pass |
| 23 | handed | hand | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 24 | down | down | ADP | _ | 23 handed | compound:prt |
| 25 | by | by | ADP | _ | 27 tradition | case |
| 26 | oral | oral | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 tradition | amod |
| 27 | tradition | tradition | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 handed | obl |
| 28 | for | for | ADP | _ | 30 generations | case |
| 29 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 generations | amod |
| 30 | generations | generation | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 handed | obl |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 reduced | punct |
| 32 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 33 reduced | aux:pass |
| 33 | reduced | reduce | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 23 handed | conj |
| 34 | to | to | ADP | _ | 36 form | case |
| 35 | canonical | canonical | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 form | amod |
| 36 | form | form | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 reduced | obl |
| 37 | within | within | ADP | _ | 39 century | case |
| 38 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 39 century | det |
| 39 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 reduced | obl |
| 40 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 41 two | cc |
| 41 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 39 century | conj |
| 42 | of | of | ADP | _ | 44 death | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 death | det |
| 44 | death | death | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 two | nmod |
| 45 | of | of | ADP | _ | 46 Gotama | case |
| 46 | Gotama | Gotama | PROPN | Number=Sing | 44 death | nmod |
| 47 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 49 carried | punct |
| 48 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 49 carried | aux:pass |
| 49 | carried | carry | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 23 handed | parataxis |
| 50 | to | to | ADP | _ | 51 Ceylon | case |
| 51 | Ceylon | Ceylon | PROPN | Number=Sing | 49 carried | obl |
| 52 | in | in | ADP | _ | 55 century | case |
| 53 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 55 century | det |
| 54 | third | third | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 55 century | amod |
| 55 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 49 carried | obl |
| 56 | B.C | B.C | PROPN | Number=Sing | 55 century | appos |
| 57 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 49 carried | punct |
| 58 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 60 written | punct |
| 59 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 60 written | aux:pass |
| 60 | written | write | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 23 handed | conj |
| 61 | down | down | ADP | _ | 60 written | compound:prt |
| 62 | for | for | ADP | _ | 65 time | case |
| 63 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 65 time | det |
| 64 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 65 time | amod |
| 65 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 written | obl |
| 66 | in | in | ADP | _ | 69 century | case |
| 67 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 69 century | det |
| 68 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 69 century | amod |
| 69 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 written | obl |
| 70 | B.C | B.C | PROPN | Number=Sing | 69 century | appos |
| 71 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 23 handed | punct |
| 72 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 75 copied | punct |
| 73 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 75 copied | cc |
| 74 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 75 copied | aux:pass |
| 75 | copied | copy | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 23 handed | conj |
| 76 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 77 recopied | cc |
| 77 | recopied | recopy | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 75 copied | conj |
| 78 | on | on | ADP | _ | 81 leaves | case |
| 79 | palm | palm | NOUN | Number=Sing | 81 leaves | compound |
| 80 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 79 palm | punct |
| 81 | leaves | leaf | NOUN | Number=Plur | 77 recopied | obl |
| 82 | by | by | ADP | _ | 84 generations | case |
| 83 | successive | successive | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 84 generations | amod |
| 84 | generations | generation | NOUN | Number=Plur | 75 copied | obl |
| 85 | of | of | ADP | _ | 86 scribes | case |
| 86 | scribes | scribe | NOUN | Number=Plur | 84 generations | nmod |
| 87 | until | until | ADP | _ | 90 times | case |
| 88 | comparatively | comparatively | ADV | _ | 89 recent | advmod |
| 89 | recent | recent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 90 times | amod |
| 90 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 75 copied | obl |
| 91 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 23 handed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | interest | may | date | the reader nsubj | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | know | to-infinitive | date not said here | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 3 | originate | gerund | this texts | North India | in the lifetime of Gotama | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||
| 4 | hand down | past · passive | oral tradition | interest | for many generations | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme | |||
| 5 | reduce | past · passive | oral tradition not said here | century | to canonical form goal | vn limit-76 «NP V NP S_ING»: to form=Goal | |||
| 6 | carry | past · passive | Ceylon | century | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: to ceylon=Destination | ||||
| 7 | write down | past · passive | oral tradition not said here | century; time | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V» | ||||
| 8 | copy | past · passive | successive generations of scribes | time | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 9 | recopy | participle | successive generations of scribes not said here | palm leaves | tree rules | ||||
| 10 | die | Gotama | nom death «event intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg74064/2/3/