English Fairy Tales, Jack Hannaford, sentence 30
The old soldier heard the horse's hoofs clattering on the road behind him, so he knew it must be the farmer pursuing him.
Who acts: old soldier, hoofs, soldier, farmer · What happens: hear, clatter, know, be, pursue · To what, where: hoofs, road, farmer, soldier · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «English Fairy Tales» by Joseph Jacobs, Jack Hannaford. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old soldier, hoofs, soldier, farmer), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher. This tree is Mova's own parse (the en model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 soldier | det |
| 2 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 soldier | amod |
| 3 | soldier | soldier | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 heard | nsubj |
| 4 | heard | hear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 horse | det |
| 6 | horse | horse | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 hoofs | nmod:poss |
| 7 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 6 horse | case |
| 8 | hoofs | hoof | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 heard | obj |
| 9 | clattering | clatter | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 8 hoofs | acl |
| 10 | on | on | ADP | _ | 12 road | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 road | det |
| 12 | road | road | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 clattering | obl |
| 13 | behind | behind | ADP | _ | 14 him | case |
| 14 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 clattering | obl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 knew | punct |
| 16 | so | so | ADV | _ | 18 knew | advmod |
| 17 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 knew | nsubj |
| 18 | knew | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 heard | parataxis |
| 19 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 farmer | nsubj |
| 20 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 23 farmer | aux |
| 21 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 23 farmer | cop |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 farmer | det |
| 23 | farmer | farmer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 knew | ccomp |
| 24 | pursuing | pursue | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 23 farmer | acl |
| 25 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 pursuing | obj |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 heard | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hear | past | the old soldier | the horse's hoofs | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer hoof=Stimulus | ||||
| 2 | clatter | gerund | the horse's hoofs not said here | the road | behind horse | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on road=Location | |||
| 3 | know | past | soldier | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 4 | is a | must | farmer | the farmer | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | pursue | gerund | the farmer not said here | soldier | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «English Fairy Tales» by Joseph Jacobs, Project Gutenberg book 7439 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg7439/13/30/