Folk tales from Tibet, Opening, sentence 12
During two years spent in Tibet, at Gyantse, Lhasa, and elsewhere, I have made many friends amongst all classes of Tibetans—high and low, rich and poor—and have conversed with all sorts of persons upon all sorts of topics.
Who acts: I · What happens: spend, make, converse, sort · To what, where: Tibet, many friends, persons, topics
This is a sentence of «Folk tales from Tibet» by William Frederick Travers, Sir O'Connor, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | During | during | ADP | _ | 3 years | case |
| 2 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 3 years | nummod |
| 3 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 spent | obl |
| 4 | spent | spend | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 Tibet | case |
| 6 | Tibet | Tibet | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 spent | obl |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 Gyantse | punct |
| 8 | at | at | ADP | _ | 9 Gyantse | case |
| 9 | Gyantse | Gyantse | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 spent | obl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 Lhasa | punct |
| 11 | Lhasa | Lhasa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 Gyantse | conj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 elsewhere | punct |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 elsewhere | cc |
| 14 | elsewhere | elsewhere | ADV | _ | 4 spent | advmod |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 made | punct |
| 16 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 18 made | nsubj |
| 17 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 made | aux |
| 18 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 spent | advcl |
| 19 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 friends | amod |
| 20 | friends | friend | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 made | obj |
| 21 | amongst | amongst | ADP | _ | 23 classes | case |
| 22 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 23 classes | det |
| 23 | classes | class | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 made | obl |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 Tibetans | case |
| 25 | Tibetans | Tibetan | PROPN | Number=Plur | 23 classes | nmod |
| 26 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 27 high | punct |
| 27 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 classes | conj |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 low | cc |
| 29 | low | low | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 high | conj |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 rich | punct |
| 31 | rich | rich | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 high | conj |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 poor | cc |
| 33 | poor | poor | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 rich | conj |
| 34 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 4 spent | punct |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 conversed | cc |
| 36 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 37 conversed | aux |
| 37 | conversed | converse | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 spent | conj |
| 38 | with | with | ADP | _ | 40 sorts | case |
| 39 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 40 sorts | det |
| 40 | sorts | sort | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 conversed | obl |
| 41 | of | of | ADP | _ | 42 persons | case |
| 42 | persons | person | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 sorts | nmod |
| 43 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 45 sorts | case |
| 44 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 45 sorts | det |
| 45 | sorts | sort | NOUN | Number=Plur | 42 persons | nmod |
| 46 | of | of | ADP | _ | 47 topics | case |
| 47 | topics | topic | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 sorts | nmod |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 spent | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | spend | participle | Tibet | year | at Gyantse and Lhasa; elsewhere property | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||
| 2 | make | present · perfect | I | many friends | amongst all classes of Tibetans | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friend=Product | |||
| 3 | converse speech: other | present · perfect | with all sorts of persons upon all sorts of topics | vn chit_chat-37.6 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with sort=Co-Agent | |||||
| 4 | sort | persons upon all sorts of topics | nom sort «cognition transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 5 | sort | topics | nom sort «cognition transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Folk tales from Tibet» by William Frederick Travers, Sir O'Connor, Project Gutenberg book 75000 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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