Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of Richard of Normandy, sentence 35
When Duke Richard, looking behind him, saw the Saracens following him, he was greatly troubled, for what could one man do against so many?
Who acts: Duke, Saracens, one man · What happens: look, see, follow, be, do · To what, where: Saracens, Duke
This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of Richard of Normandy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Duke, Saracens, one man), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | SCONJ | _ | 5 looking | mark |
| 2 | Duke | Duke | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 looking | nsubj |
| 3 | Richard | Richard | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Duke | flat |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 looking | punct |
| 5 | looking | look | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 9 saw | advcl |
| 6 | behind | behind | ADP | _ | 7 him | case |
| 7 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 looking | obl |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 looking | punct |
| 9 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 Saracens | det |
| 11 | Saracens | saracen | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 saw | obj |
| 12 | following | follow | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 11 Saracens | acl |
| 13 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 12 following | obj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 troubled | punct |
| 15 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 troubled | nsubj |
| 16 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 troubled | cop |
| 17 | greatly | greatly | ADV | _ | 18 troubled | advmod |
| 18 | troubled | troubled | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 saw | conj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 what | punct |
| 20 | for | for | ADP | _ | 21 what | case |
| 21 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 9 saw | parataxis |
| 22 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 25 do | aux |
| 23 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 24 man | nummod |
| 24 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 do | nsubj |
| 25 | do | do | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 what | acl:relcl |
| 26 | against | against | ADP | _ | 28 many | case |
| 27 | so | so | ADV | _ | 28 many | advmod |
| 28 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 what | obl |
| 29 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 9 saw | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | look | gerund | Duke | behind King | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent behind he=Theme | ||||
| 2 | see | past | the Saracens | what parataxis | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer saracen=Stimulus | ||||
| 3 | follow | gerund | the Saracens not said here | Duke | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme | ||||
| 4 | is | past | Duke | greatly, troubled property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | do | could | one man | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/24/35/