Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How Huon Returned, His Errand Fulfilled, sentence 121
Also, when he was making his last expedition against the Danes, he saw a great light, as it were a blazing torch, pass through a clear sky and fall to the ground; and the horse on which he was riding fell to the ground with great violence.
Who acts: Huon, light, horse · What happens: make, see, be, pass, fall, ride · To what, where: last expedition, great light, blazing torch, clear sky
This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Huon Returned, His Errand Fulfilled. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Huon, light, horse), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Also | also | ADV | _ | 15 saw | advmod |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Also | punct |
| 3 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 6 making | advmod |
| 4 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 making | nsubj |
| 5 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 making | aux |
| 6 | making | make | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 15 saw | advcl |
| 7 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 9 expedition | nmod:poss |
| 8 | last | last | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 expedition | amod |
| 9 | expedition | expedition | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 making | obj |
| 10 | against | against | ADP | _ | 12 Danes | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 Danes | det |
| 12 | Danes | Dane | PROPN | Number=Plur | 9 expedition | nmod |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 making | punct |
| 14 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 saw | nsubj |
| 15 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 16 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 light | det |
| 17 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 light | amod |
| 18 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 saw | obj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 torch | punct |
| 20 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 25 torch | mark |
| 21 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 25 torch | nsubj |
| 22 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 25 torch | cop |
| 23 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 torch | det |
| 24 | blazing | blazing | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 torch | amod |
| 25 | torch | torch | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 saw | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 pass | punct |
| 27 | pass | pass | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 saw | parataxis |
| 28 | through | through | ADP | _ | 31 sky | case |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 sky | det |
| 30 | clear | clear | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 sky | amod |
| 31 | sky | sky | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 pass | obl |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 fall | cc |
| 33 | fall | fall | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 27 pass | conj |
| 34 | to | to | ADP | _ | 36 ground | case |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 ground | det |
| 36 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 fall | obl |
| 37 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 46 fell | punct |
| 38 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 46 fell | cc |
| 39 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 horse | det |
| 40 | horse | horse | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 fell | nsubj |
| 41 | on | on | ADP | _ | 42 which | case |
| 42 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 45 riding | obl |
| 43 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 45 riding | nsubj |
| 44 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 45 riding | aux |
| 45 | riding | ride | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 40 horse | acl |
| 46 | fell | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 saw | conj |
| 47 | to | to | ADP | _ | 49 ground | case |
| 48 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 49 ground | det |
| 49 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 fell | obl |
| 50 | with | with | ADP | _ | 52 violence | case |
| 51 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 52 violence | amod |
| 52 | violence | violence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 fell | obl |
| 53 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 15 saw | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | past · progressive | Huon | Huon's last expedition | against the Danes | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent expedition=Product | |||
| 2 | see | past | Huon | a great light | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer light=Stimulus | ||||
| 3 | is a | past | light | a blazing torch | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | pass | present | a clear sky | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme through sky=Location | |||||
| 5 | fall | infinitive | to the ground | vn acquiesce-95.1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to ground=Theme | |||||
| 6 | ride | past · progressive | Huon | on the horse | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 7 | fall | past | the horse | to the ground; with great violence | vn acquiesce-95.1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to ground=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/42/121/