Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of the Treachery of King John, sentence 84
And Alard lifted Richard from the earth, and laid him upon his shield, and carried him to the rock, Reynaud and Guichard holding back meanwhile the King's men with such strength and valour as have never been surpassed, for they fought as men who have no hope for their lives, but think only how they may make most havoc among their enemies.
Who acts: Alard, men · What happens: lift, lay, carry, hold back, not surpass, fight · To what, where: Richard, earth, shield, Alard, rock, men · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the Treachery of King John. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Alard, men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | And | and | CCONJ | _ | 3 lifted | cc |
| 2 | Alard | Alard | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 lifted | nsubj |
| 3 | lifted | lift | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | Richard | Richard | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 lifted | obj |
| 5 | from | from | ADP | _ | 7 earth | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 earth | det |
| 7 | earth | earth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 lifted | obl |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 laid | punct |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 laid | cc |
| 10 | laid | lay | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 lifted | conj |
| 11 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 laid | obj |
| 12 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 14 shield | case |
| 13 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 14 shield | nmod:poss |
| 14 | shield | shield | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 laid | obl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 carried | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 carried | cc |
| 17 | carried | carry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 lifted | parataxis |
| 18 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 carried | obj |
| 19 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 rock | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 rock | det |
| 21 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 carried | obl |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 Reynaud | punct |
| 23 | Reynaud | Reynaud | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 rock | appos |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 Guichard | cc |
| 25 | Guichard | Guichard | PROPN | Number=Sing | 23 Reynaud | conj |
| 26 | holding | hold | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 17 carried | advcl |
| 27 | back | back | ADV | _ | 26 holding | advmod |
| 28 | meanwhile | meanwhile | ADV | _ | 32 men | advmod |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 King | det |
| 30 | King | King | PROPN | Number=Sing | 32 men | nmod:poss |
| 31 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 30 King | case |
| 32 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 42 surpassed | obl |
| 33 | with | with | ADP | _ | 35 strength | case |
| 34 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 strength | amod |
| 35 | strength | strength | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 men | nmod |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 as | cc |
| 37 | valour | valour | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 as | compound |
| 38 | as | a | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 men | conj |
| 39 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 42 surpassed | aux |
| 40 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 42 surpassed | advmod |
| 41 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 42 surpassed | aux:pass |
| 42 | surpassed | surpass | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 26 holding | advcl |
| 43 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 46 fought | punct |
| 44 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 46 fought | mark |
| 45 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 46 fought | nsubj |
| 46 | fought | fight | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 17 carried | conj |
| 47 | as | as | ADP | _ | 48 men | case |
| 48 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 fought | obl |
| 49 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 50 have | nsubj |
| 50 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 48 men | acl:relcl |
| 51 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 52 hope | det |
| 52 | hope | hope | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 have | obj |
| 53 | for | for | ADP | _ | 55 lives | case |
| 54 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 55 lives | nmod:poss |
| 55 | lives | life | NOUN | Number=Plur | 50 have | obl |
| 56 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 58 think | punct |
| 57 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 58 think | cc |
| 58 | think | think | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 lifted | conj |
| 59 | only | only | ADV | _ | 63 make | advmod |
| 60 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 63 make | advmod |
| 61 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 63 make | nsubj |
| 62 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 63 make | aux |
| 63 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 58 think | ccomp |
| 64 | most | most | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 65 havoc | amod |
| 65 | havoc | havoc | NOUN | Number=Sing | 63 make | obj |
| 66 | among | among | ADP | _ | 68 enemies | case |
| 67 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 68 enemies | nmod:poss |
| 68 | enemies | enemy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 63 make | obl |
| 69 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 lifted | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lift | past | Alard | Richard | the earth | vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent richard=Theme from earth=Destination | |||
| 2 | lay | past | Alard not said here | Richard | Alard's shield | vn put_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent he=Theme upon shield=Destination | |||
| 3 | carry | past | Alard | the rock | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent he=Theme to rock=Destination | ||||
| 4 | hold back | gerund | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 5 | not surpass | present · perfect · passive | the King's men with such strength and valour as | vn exceed-90 «NP V NP» | |||||
| 6 | fight | past | men = man | as men | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 7 | have | present | men | no hope | for men's lives | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hope=Patient | |||
| 8 | think speech: other | present | Alard not said here | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | |||||
| 9 | make | may | men = man | most havoc | among men's enemies | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset havoc=Product |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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