Legends of the conquest of Spain, Letter of Muza to the Caliph.—second Expedition of Taric El Tuerto., sentence 49
“Senior,” said he, in his letter, “the legions of Africa are upon us, but whether they come from heaven or earth I know not.
Who acts: Theodomir, legions · What happens: say, be, come, not know, letter · To what, where: letter, heaven · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Letter of Muza to the Caliph.—second Expedition of Taric El Tuerto.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Theodomir, legions), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 said | punct |
| 2 | Senior | senior | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 said | advcl |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 Senior | punct |
| 4 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Senior | punct |
| 5 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 said | nsubj |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 letter | punct |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 letter | case |
| 9 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 letter | nmod:poss |
| 10 | letter | letter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 said | obl |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 us | punct |
| 12 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 19 us | punct |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 legions | det |
| 14 | legions | legion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 us | nsubj |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 Africa | case |
| 16 | Africa | Africa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 legions | nmod |
| 17 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 us | cop |
| 18 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 19 us | case |
| 19 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 10 letter | nmod |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 come | punct |
| 21 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 24 come | cc |
| 22 | whether | whether | SCONJ | _ | 24 come | mark |
| 23 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 come | nsubj |
| 24 | come | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 said | conj |
| 25 | from | from | ADP | _ | 26 heaven | case |
| 26 | heaven | heaven | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 come | obl |
| 27 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 28 earth | cc |
| 28 | earth | earth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 heaven | conj |
| 29 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 30 know | nsubj |
| 30 | know | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 heaven | acl:relcl |
| 31 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 30 know | advmod |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | Theodomir | Theodomir's letter | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent in letter=Manner | ||||
| 2 | is in a quote | present | the legions of Africa | upon us | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | come in a quote | present | legions = legion | heaven or earth | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from heaven=Initial_Location | ||||
| 4 | not know in a quote | present | Theodomir | heaven or earth not said here | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer heaven=Stimulus | ||||
| 5 | letter | Theodomir | nom letter «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/11/49/