Legends of the conquest of Spain, Letter of Muza to the Caliph.—second Expedition of Taric El Tuerto., sentence 51
We have been taken by surprise, overpowered by numbers, and obliged to retreat; and they have fortified themselves in our territory.
Who acts: surprise, legions · What happens: take, overpower, oblige, retreat, fortify · To what, where: We, legions, territory
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Letter of Muza to the Caliph.—second Expedition of Taric El Tuerto.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (surprise, legions), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | We | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 4 taken | nsubj |
| 2 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 taken | aux |
| 3 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 taken | aux:pass |
| 4 | taken | take | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | by | by | ADP | _ | 6 surprise | case |
| 6 | surprise | surprise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 taken | obl |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 overpowered | punct |
| 8 | overpowered | overpower | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 taken | conj |
| 9 | by | by | ADP | _ | 10 numbers | case |
| 10 | numbers | number | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 overpowered | obl |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 obliged | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 obliged | cc |
| 13 | obliged | oblige | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 taken | parataxis |
| 14 | to | to | PART | _ | 15 retreat | mark |
| 15 | retreat | retreat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 13 obliged | xcomp |
| 16 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 20 fortified | punct |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 fortified | cc |
| 18 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 fortified | nsubj |
| 19 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 fortified | aux |
| 20 | fortified | fortify | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 13 obliged | conj |
| 21 | themselves | themselves | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 20 fortified | obj |
| 22 | in | in | ADP | _ | 24 territory | case |
| 23 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 24 territory | nmod:poss |
| 24 | territory | territory | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 fortified | obl |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 taken | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | take | present · perfect · passive | surprise | We | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument subject=Destination | ||||
| 2 | overpower | participle | surprise not said here | by numbers | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | oblige | past | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Result | ||||||
| 4 | retreat | to-infinitive | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | ||||||
| 5 | fortify | present · perfect | legions = legion | legions = legion | our territory | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme themselves=Recipient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/11/51/