Legends of the conquest of Spain, Terror of the Country.—roderick Rouses Himself to Arms., sentence 30
They were a prodigious host, and appeared, say the Arabian chroniclers, like an agitated sea; but, though brave in spirit, they possessed no knowledge of warlike art, and were ineffectual through lack of arms and discipline.
Who acts: shields, prodigious host · What happens: be, appear, say, agitate, possess, lack · To what, where: prodigious host, Arabian chroniclers, knowledge, lack, arms · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Terror of the Country.—roderick Rouses Himself to Arms.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (shields, prodigious host), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 host | nsubj |
| 2 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 host | cop |
| 3 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 host | det |
| 4 | prodigious | prodigious | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 host | amod |
| 5 | host | host | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 appeared | punct |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 appeared | cc |
| 8 | appeared | appear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 host | acl:relcl |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 say | punct |
| 10 | say | say | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 appeared | xcomp |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 chroniclers | det |
| 12 | Arabian | Arabian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 chroniclers | amod |
| 13 | chroniclers | chronicler | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 say | obj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 sea | punct |
| 15 | like | like | ADP | _ | 18 sea | case |
| 16 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 sea | det |
| 17 | agitated | agitate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 18 sea | amod |
| 18 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 say | obl |
| 19 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 28 possessed | punct |
| 20 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 28 possessed | cc |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 but | punct |
| 22 | though | though | SCONJ | _ | 23 brave | mark |
| 23 | brave | brave | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 possessed | advcl |
| 24 | in | in | ADP | _ | 25 spirit | case |
| 25 | spirit | spirit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 brave | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 brave | punct |
| 27 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 28 possessed | nsubj |
| 28 | possessed | possess | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 appeared | conj |
| 29 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 30 knowledge | det |
| 30 | knowledge | knowledge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 possessed | obj |
| 31 | of | of | ADP | _ | 33 art | case |
| 32 | warlike | warlike | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 art | amod |
| 33 | art | art | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 knowledge | nmod |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 ineffectual | punct |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 ineffectual | cc |
| 36 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 37 ineffectual | cop |
| 37 | ineffectual | ineffectual | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 host | conj |
| 38 | through | through | ADP | _ | 39 lack | case |
| 39 | lack | lack | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 ineffectual | obl |
| 40 | of | of | ADP | _ | 41 arms | case |
| 41 | arms | arm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 lack | nmod |
| 42 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 43 discipline | cc |
| 43 | discipline | discipline | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 arms | conj |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 host | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | past | shields = shield | a prodigious host | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | appear | past | a prodigious host not said here | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute | |||||
| 3 | say speech: assert | infinitive | a prodigious host not said here | the Arabian chroniclers | like a agitated sea | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent chronicler=Topic | |||
| 4 | agitate | participle | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | ||||||
| 5 | possess | past | shields = shield | no knowledge of warlike art | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot knowledge=Theme | ||||
| 6 | is | past | shields = shield not said here | lack of arms and discipline | ineffectual property | tree rules | |||
| 7 | lack | arms and discipline | nom lack «state transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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