Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Cave of Hercules., sentence 41
He, moreover, pronounces his dying, shortly after coming forth, as very probable; because the darkness of the cave, its coldness, the fright at finding the bones, the dread of meeting the imaginary dog, all joining to operate upon a man who was past the prime of his days, and enfeebled by poverty and scanty food, might easily cause his death.
Who acts: Don, fright, dread, all, man, darkness · What happens: pronounce, die, come, find, meet, join · To what, where: bones, imaginary dog, death
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Cave of Hercules.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Don, fright, dread, all), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 pronounces | nsubj |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 He | punct |
| 3 | moreover | moreover | ADV | _ | 5 pronounces | advmod |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 moreover | punct |
| 5 | pronounces | pronounce | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | his | his | PRON | Gender=Masc Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 7 dying | nsubj |
| 7 | dying | die | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 pronounces | ccomp |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 coming | punct |
| 9 | shortly | shortly | ADV | _ | 11 coming | advmod |
| 10 | after | after | SCONJ | _ | 11 coming | mark |
| 11 | coming | come | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 pronounces | advcl |
| 12 | forth | forth | ADV | _ | 11 coming | advmod |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 probable | punct |
| 14 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 16 probable | mark |
| 15 | very | very | ADV | _ | 16 probable | advmod |
| 16 | probable | probable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 coming | conj |
| 17 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 69 cause | punct |
| 18 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 69 cause | mark |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 darkness | det |
| 20 | darkness | darkness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 69 cause | nsubj |
| 21 | of | of | ADP | _ | 23 cave | case |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 cave | det |
| 23 | cave | cave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 darkness | nmod |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 coldness | punct |
| 25 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 26 coldness | nmod:poss |
| 26 | coldness | coldness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 darkness | conj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 fright | punct |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 fright | det |
| 29 | fright | fright | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 coldness | appos |
| 30 | at | at | SCONJ | _ | 31 finding | mark |
| 31 | finding | find | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 29 fright | acl |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 bones | det |
| 33 | bones | bone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 finding | obj |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 dread | punct |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 dread | det |
| 36 | dread | dread | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 coldness | conj |
| 37 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 38 meeting | mark |
| 38 | meeting | meet | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 36 dread | acl |
| 39 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 dog | det |
| 40 | imaginary | imaginary | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 dog | amod |
| 41 | dog | dog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 meeting | obj |
| 42 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 joining | punct |
| 43 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 44 joining | nsubj |
| 44 | joining | join | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 26 coldness | conj |
| 45 | to | to | PART | _ | 46 operate | mark |
| 46 | operate | operate | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 44 joining | xcomp |
| 47 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 49 man | case |
| 48 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 49 man | det |
| 49 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 operate | obl |
| 50 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 54 prime | nsubj |
| 51 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 54 prime | cop |
| 52 | past | past | ADP | _ | 54 prime | case |
| 53 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 54 prime | det |
| 54 | prime | prime | NOUN | Number=Sing | 49 man | acl:relcl |
| 55 | of | of | ADP | _ | 57 days | case |
| 56 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 57 days | nmod:poss |
| 57 | days | day | NOUN | Number=Plur | 54 prime | nmod |
| 58 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 60 enfeebled | punct |
| 59 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 60 enfeebled | cc |
| 60 | enfeebled | enfeeble | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 44 joining | conj |
| 61 | by | by | ADP | _ | 62 poverty | case |
| 62 | poverty | poverty | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 enfeebled | obl |
| 63 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 65 food | cc |
| 64 | scanty | scanty | NOUN | Number=Sing | 65 food | compound |
| 65 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 62 poverty | conj |
| 66 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 darkness | punct |
| 67 | might | might | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 69 cause | aux |
| 68 | easily | easily | ADV | _ | 69 cause | advmod |
| 69 | cause | cause | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 5 pronounces | conj |
| 70 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 71 death | nmod:poss |
| 71 | death | death | NOUN | Number=Sing | 69 cause | obj |
| 72 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 pronounces | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | pronounce | present | Don | moreover property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | die | gerund | Don | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | |||||
| 3 | come | gerund | Don not said here | forth, shortly property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | find | gerund | the fright not said here | the bones | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Topic | ||||
| 5 | meet | gerund | the dread not said here | the imaginary dog | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dog=Co-Agent | ||||
| 6 | join | gerund | all | tree rules | |||||
| 7 | operate | to-infinitive | all not said here | upon a man | vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 8 | is | past | a man | day | past the prime | tree rules | |||
| 9 | enfeeble | participle | all not said here | by poverty and scanty food | tree rules | ||||
| 10 | cause | might | the darkness of the cave and hope's coldness and the dread | Don's death | easily property | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition death=Patient | |||
| 11 | die | Don | nom death «event intransitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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