Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Cave of Hercules., sentence 5
These hills abound with clefts and caverns; and the promontory itself, on which the city is built, bears traces of vaults and subterraneous habitations, which are occasionally discovered under the ruins of ancient houses, or beneath the churches and convents.
Who acts: hills · What happens: abound, build, discover, ruin · To what, where: city, promontory, bears traces, ruins, ancient houses
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Cave of Hercules.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hills), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | These | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 2 hills | det |
| 2 | hills | hill | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 abound | nsubj |
| 3 | abound | abound | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | with | with | ADP | _ | 5 clefts | case |
| 5 | clefts | cleft | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 abound | obl |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 caverns | cc |
| 7 | caverns | cavern | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 clefts | conj |
| 8 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 11 promontory | punct |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 promontory | cc |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 promontory | det |
| 11 | promontory | promontory | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 abound | parataxis |
| 12 | itself | itself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Emp Reflex=Yes | 11 promontory | nmod:unmarked |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 built | punct |
| 14 | on | on | ADP | _ | 15 which | case |
| 15 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 19 built | obl |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 city | det |
| 17 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 built | nsubj:pass |
| 18 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 built | aux:pass |
| 19 | built | build | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 promontory | conj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 traces | punct |
| 21 | bears | bear | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 traces | compound |
| 22 | traces | trace | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 promontory | conj |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 24 vaults | case |
| 24 | vaults | vault | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 traces | nmod |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 habitations | cc |
| 26 | subterraneous | subterraneous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 habitations | amod |
| 27 | habitations | habitation | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 traces | conj |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 discovered | punct |
| 29 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 32 discovered | nsubj:pass |
| 30 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 discovered | aux:pass |
| 31 | occasionally | occasionally | ADV | _ | 32 discovered | advmod |
| 32 | discovered | discover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 22 traces | acl |
| 33 | under | under | ADP | _ | 35 ruins | case |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 ruins | det |
| 35 | ruins | ruin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 discovered | obl |
| 36 | of | of | ADP | _ | 38 houses | case |
| 37 | ancient | ancient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 houses | amod |
| 38 | houses | house | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 ruins | nmod |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 43 churches | punct |
| 40 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 43 churches | cc |
| 41 | beneath | beneath | ADP | _ | 43 churches | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 churches | det |
| 43 | churches | church | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 discovered | obl |
| 44 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 45 convents | cc |
| 45 | convents | convent | NOUN | Number=Plur | 43 churches | conj |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 abound | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | abound | present | this hills | with clefts and caverns; the promontory promontory and bears traces of vaults and subterraneous habitations parataxis | vn swarm-47.5.1-2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with cleft=Theme | ||||
| 2 | build | present · passive | the city | the promontory promontory and bears traces of vaults and subterraneous habitations | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme on which=Source | ||||
| 3 | discover | present · passive | bears traces of vaults and subterraneous habitations | the ruins of ancient houses | beneath the churches and convents; occasionally property | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic | |||
| 4 | ruin | ancient houses | nom ruin «state transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/21/5/