Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Cave of Hercules., sentence 6
These are supposed by some to have been the habitations or retreats of the primitive inhabitants; for it was the custom of the ancients, according to Pliny, to make caves in high and rocky places, and live in them through fear of floods; and such a precaution, says the worthy Don Pedro de Roxas, in his history of Toledo, was natural enough among the first Toledans, seeing that they founded their city shortly after the deluge, while the memory of it was still fresh in their minds.
Who acts: some, city, precaution, habitations, memory · What happens: suppose, have, be, accord, make, live · To what, where: These, habitations, caves, high places, fear, city · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Cave of Hercules.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (some, city, precaution, habitations), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | These | this | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 3 supposed | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 supposed | aux:pass |
| 3 | supposed | suppose | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | by | by | ADP | _ | 5 some | case |
| 5 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 3 supposed | obl:agent |
| 6 | to | to | PART | _ | 7 have | mark |
| 7 | have | have | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 supposed | xcomp |
| 8 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 10 habitations | cop |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 habitations | det |
| 10 | habitations | habitation | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 have | obj |
| 11 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 12 retreats | cc |
| 12 | retreats | retreat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 habitations | conj |
| 13 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 inhabitants | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 inhabitants | det |
| 15 | primitive | primitive | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 inhabitants | amod |
| 16 | inhabitants | inhabitant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 retreats | nmod |
| 17 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 22 custom | punct |
| 18 | for | for | ADP | _ | 22 custom | case |
| 19 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 custom | nsubj |
| 20 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 22 custom | cop |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 custom | det |
| 22 | custom | custom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 supposed | parataxis |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 ancients | case |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 ancients | det |
| 25 | ancients | ancient | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 custom | nmod |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 Pliny | punct |
| 27 | according | accord | VERB | ExtPos=ADP Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 29 Pliny | case |
| 28 | to | to | ADP | _ | 27 according | fixed |
| 29 | Pliny | Pliny | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 ancients | nmod |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 make | punct |
| 31 | to | to | PART | _ | 32 make | mark |
| 32 | make | make | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 22 custom | parataxis |
| 33 | caves | cave | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 make | obj |
| 34 | in | in | ADP | _ | 38 places | case |
| 35 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 places | amod |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 rocky | cc |
| 37 | rocky | rocky | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 high | conj |
| 38 | places | place | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 make | obl |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 live | punct |
| 40 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 41 live | cc |
| 41 | live | live | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 32 make | conj |
| 42 | in | in | ADP | _ | 43 them | case |
| 43 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 41 live | obl |
| 44 | through | through | ADP | _ | 45 fear | case |
| 45 | fear | fear | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 live | obl |
| 46 | of | of | ADP | _ | 47 floods | case |
| 47 | floods | flood | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 fear | nmod |
| 48 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 54 says | punct |
| 49 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 54 says | cc |
| 50 | such | such | DET | PronType=Ind | 52 precaution | det:predet |
| 51 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 52 precaution | det |
| 52 | precaution | precaution | NOUN | Number=Sing | 54 says | nsubj |
| 53 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 52 precaution | punct |
| 54 | says | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 supposed | parataxis |
| 55 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 57 Don | det |
| 56 | worthy | worthy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 57 Don | amod |
| 57 | Don | Don | PROPN | Number=Sing | 54 says | nsubj |
| 58 | Pedro | Pedro | PROPN | Number=Sing | 57 Don | flat |
| 59 | de | de | PROPN | Number=Sing | 58 Pedro | flat |
| 60 | Roxas | Roxas | PROPN | Number=Sing | 58 Pedro | flat |
| 61 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 64 history | punct |
| 62 | in | in | ADP | _ | 64 history | case |
| 63 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 64 history | nmod:poss |
| 64 | history | history | NOUN | Number=Sing | 54 says | ccomp |
| 65 | of | of | ADP | _ | 66 Toledo | case |
| 66 | Toledo | Toledo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 64 history | nmod |
| 67 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 69 natural | punct |
| 68 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 69 natural | cop |
| 69 | natural | natural | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 54 says | ccomp |
| 70 | enough | enough | ADV | _ | 69 natural | advmod |
| 71 | among | among | ADP | _ | 74 Toledans | case |
| 72 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 74 Toledans | det |
| 73 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 74 Toledans | amod |
| 74 | Toledans | Toledan | PROPN | Number=Plur | 69 natural | obl |
| 75 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 76 seeing | punct |
| 76 | seeing | see | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 54 says | advcl |
| 77 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 79 founded | mark |
| 78 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 79 founded | nsubj |
| 79 | founded | found | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 76 seeing | ccomp |
| 80 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 81 city | nmod:poss |
| 81 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 79 founded | obj |
| 82 | shortly | shortly | ADV | _ | 79 founded | advmod |
| 83 | after | after | ADP | _ | 85 deluge | case |
| 84 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 85 deluge | det |
| 85 | deluge | deluge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 79 founded | obl |
| 86 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 94 fresh | punct |
| 87 | while | while | SCONJ | _ | 94 fresh | mark |
| 88 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 89 memory | det |
| 89 | memory | memory | NOUN | Number=Sing | 94 fresh | nsubj |
| 90 | of | of | ADP | _ | 91 it | case |
| 91 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 89 memory | nmod |
| 92 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 94 fresh | cop |
| 93 | still | still | ADV | _ | 94 fresh | advmod |
| 94 | fresh | fresh | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 54 says | conj |
| 95 | in | in | ADP | _ | 97 minds | case |
| 96 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 97 minds | nmod:poss |
| 97 | minds | mind | NOUN | Number=Plur | 94 fresh | obl |
| 98 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 supposed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | suppose | present · passive | some | These | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent subject=Attribute clause=Theme | ||||
| 2 | have | to-infinitive | some not said here | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | is a | participle | the habitations or retreats of the primitive inhabitants | retreats of the primitive inhabitants conj | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | is | past | city | for the custom; of the ancients accord Pliny | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | accord | gerund | vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | make | to-infinitive | caves | high places | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cave=Product | ||||
| 7 | live | infinitive | fear of floods | in habitations = habitation | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in they=Location | ||||
| 8 | say speech: assert | present | such precaution | the worthy Don nsubj; Don's history of Toledo ccomp | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 9 | is | past | among the first Toledans; enough, natural property | tree rules | |||||
| 10 | see | gerund | such precaution not said here | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 11 | found | past | habitations = habitation | habitations's city | after the deluge | shortly property | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent city=Patient | ||
| 12 | is | past | the memory of city | habitations's minds | still | fresh property | tree rules | ||
| 13 | fear | floods | nom fear «feeling transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 14 | mind | habitations = habitation | nom mind «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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