Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter VI., sentence 22
The people of Toledo gazed with astonishment from their walls at the retiring squadrons of the enemy, and scarcely could credit their unexpected deliverance; before night, there was not a turban nor a hostile lance to be seen in the vega.
Who acts: people, credit · What happens: gaze, retire, deliverance, not be, see · To what, where: turban, vega
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter VI.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, credit), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 people | det |
| 2 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 gazed | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 Toledo | case |
| 4 | Toledo | Toledo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 people | nmod |
| 5 | gazed | gaze | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | with | with | ADP | _ | 7 astonishment | case |
| 7 | astonishment | astonishment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 gazed | obl |
| 8 | from | from | ADP | _ | 10 walls | case |
| 9 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 walls | nmod:poss |
| 10 | walls | wall | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 gazed | obl |
| 11 | at | at | ADP | _ | 14 squadrons | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 squadrons | det |
| 13 | retiring | retire | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 14 squadrons | amod |
| 14 | squadrons | squadron | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 walls | nmod |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 enemy | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 enemy | det |
| 17 | enemy | enemy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 squadrons | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 deliverance | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 deliverance | cc |
| 20 | scarcely | scarcely | ADV | _ | 25 deliverance | advmod |
| 21 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 25 deliverance | aux |
| 22 | credit | credit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 deliverance | nsubj |
| 23 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 deliverance | nmod:poss |
| 24 | unexpected | unexpected | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 deliverance | amod |
| 25 | deliverance | deliverance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 gazed | obl |
| 26 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 34 turban | punct |
| 27 | before | before | ADP | _ | 28 night | case |
| 28 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 was | obl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 night | punct |
| 30 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 31 was | expl |
| 31 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 turban | cop |
| 32 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 34 turban | advmod |
| 33 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 turban | det |
| 34 | turban | turban | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 gazed | parataxis |
| 35 | nor | nor | CCONJ | Polarity=Neg | 38 lance | cc |
| 36 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 38 lance | det |
| 37 | hostile | hostile | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 lance | amod |
| 38 | lance | lance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 turban | conj |
| 39 | to | to | PART | _ | 41 seen | mark |
| 40 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 41 seen | aux:pass |
| 41 | seen | see | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 38 lance | acl |
| 42 | in | in | ADP | _ | 44 vega | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 vega | det |
| 44 | vega | vega | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 seen | obl |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 gazed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | gaze | past | the people of Toledo | with astonishment; from people's walls at the retiring squadrons of the enemy | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent from wall=Theme | ||||
| 2 | retire | gerund | vn resign-10.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 3 | deliverance | could | credit | people nmod:poss; scarcely property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | not is a | past | a turban nor a hostile lance | a hostile lance conj | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | see | to-infinitive · passive | the vega | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V» |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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