Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter VI., sentence 4
Enough remained, however, to have made a formidable defence; and, as the city was seated on a lofty rock, surrounded by massive walls and towers, and almost girdled by the Tagus, it threatened a long resistance.
Who acts: CITY · What happens: remain, make, seat, surround, girdle, threaten · To what, where: formidable defence, city, lofty rock, long resistance
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter VI.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (CITY), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Enough | enough | ADV | _ | 2 remained | advmod |
| 2 | remained | remain | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 made | punct |
| 4 | however | however | ADV | _ | 8 made | advmod |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 made | punct |
| 6 | to | to | PART | _ | 8 made | mark |
| 7 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 8 made | aux |
| 8 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 2 remained | parataxis |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 defence | det |
| 10 | formidable | formidable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 defence | amod |
| 11 | defence | defence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 made | obj |
| 12 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 40 threatened | punct |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 threatened | cc |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 and | punct |
| 15 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 19 seated | mark |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 city | det |
| 17 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 seated | nsubj:pass |
| 18 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 seated | aux:pass |
| 19 | seated | seat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 40 threatened | advcl |
| 20 | on | on | ADP | _ | 23 rock | case |
| 21 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 23 rock | det |
| 22 | lofty | lofty | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 rock | amod |
| 23 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 seated | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 surrounded | punct |
| 25 | surrounded | surround | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 seated | conj |
| 26 | by | by | ADP | _ | 28 walls | case |
| 27 | massive | massive | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 walls | amod |
| 28 | walls | wall | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 surrounded | obl |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 towers | cc |
| 30 | towers | tower | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 walls | conj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 girdled | punct |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 girdled | cc |
| 33 | almost | almost | ADV | _ | 34 girdled | advmod |
| 34 | girdled | girdle | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 seated | conj |
| 35 | by | by | ADP | _ | 37 Tagus | case |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 Tagus | det |
| 37 | Tagus | Tagus | PROPN | Number=Sing | 34 girdled | obl |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 seated | punct |
| 39 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 40 threatened | nsubj |
| 40 | threatened | threaten | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 remained | conj |
| 41 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 43 resistance | det |
| 42 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 resistance | amod |
| 43 | resistance | resistance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 threatened | obj |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 remained | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | remain | participle | enough property | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | make | to-infinitive · perfect | a formidable defence | however property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset defence=Product | ||||
| 3 | seat | past · passive | the city | a lofty rock | vn fit-54.3 «NP.location V NP»: subject=Value | ||||
| 4 | surround | participle | by massive walls and towers | vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | girdle | participle | by the Tagus; almost property | tree rules | |||||
| 6 | threaten | past | CITY | a long resistance | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus resistance=Experiencer |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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