Legends of the conquest of Spain, Don Roderick Receives an Extraordinary Embassy., sentence 2
Heaven, at this time, say the old Spanish chronicles, permitted a marvellous intimation of the wrath with which it intended to visit the monarch and his people, in punishment of their sins; nor are we, say the same orthodox writers, to startle, and withhold our faith, when we meet in the page of discreet and sober history with these signs and portents, which transcend the probabilities of ordinary life; for the revolutions of empires and the downfall of mighty kings are awful events, that shake the physical as well as the moral world, and are often announced by forerunning marvels and prodigious omens.
Who acts: Heaven, intimation, we, signs, revolutions, that · What happens: say, permit, intend, visit, be, startle · To what, where: old Spanish chronicles, marvellous intimation, monarch, faith, page, probabilities · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Don Roderick Receives an Extraordinary Embassy.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Heaven, intimation, we, signs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Heaven | Heaven | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 say | nsubj |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Heaven | punct |
| 3 | at | at | ADP | _ | 5 time | case |
| 4 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 5 time | det |
| 5 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 say | obl |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 time | punct |
| 7 | say | say | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 chronicles | det |
| 9 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 chronicles | amod |
| 10 | Spanish | Spanish | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 chronicles | amod |
| 11 | chronicles | chronicle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 say | obj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 permitted | punct |
| 13 | permitted | permit | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 say | advcl |
| 14 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 intimation | det |
| 15 | marvellous | marvellous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 intimation | amod |
| 16 | intimation | intimation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 permitted | obj |
| 17 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 wrath | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 wrath | det |
| 19 | wrath | wrath | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 intimation | nmod |
| 20 | with | with | ADP | _ | 21 which | case |
| 21 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 23 intended | obl |
| 22 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 intended | nsubj |
| 23 | intended | intend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 wrath | acl:relcl |
| 24 | to | to | PART | _ | 25 visit | mark |
| 25 | visit | visit | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 23 intended | xcomp |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 monarch | det |
| 27 | monarch | monarch | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 visit | obj |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 people | cc |
| 29 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 30 people | nmod:poss |
| 30 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 monarch | conj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 punishment | punct |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 33 punishment | case |
| 33 | punishment | punishment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 visit | conj |
| 34 | of | of | ADP | _ | 36 sins | case |
| 35 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 36 sins | nmod:poss |
| 36 | sins | sin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 punishment | nmod |
| 37 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 42 say | punct |
| 38 | nor | nor | CCONJ | Polarity=Neg | 42 say | cc |
| 39 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 42 say | cop |
| 40 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 42 say | nsubj |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 we | punct |
| 42 | say | say | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 say | parataxis |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 46 writers | det |
| 44 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 46 writers | amod |
| 45 | orthodox | orthodox | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 writers | compound |
| 46 | writers | writer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 42 say | obj |
| 47 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 49 startle | punct |
| 48 | to | to | PART | _ | 49 startle | mark |
| 49 | startle | startle | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 42 say | conj |
| 50 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 52 withhold | punct |
| 51 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 52 withhold | cc |
| 52 | withhold | withhold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 say | parataxis |
| 53 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 54 faith | nmod:poss |
| 54 | faith | faith | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 withhold | obj |
| 55 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 58 meet | punct |
| 56 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 58 meet | mark |
| 57 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 58 meet | nsubj |
| 58 | meet | meet | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 52 withhold | conj |
| 59 | in | in | ADP | _ | 61 page | case |
| 60 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 61 page | det |
| 61 | page | page | NOUN | Number=Sing | 58 meet | obl |
| 62 | of | of | ADP | _ | 66 history | case |
| 63 | discreet | discreet | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 66 history | amod |
| 64 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 65 sober | cc |
| 65 | sober | sober | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 63 discreet | conj |
| 66 | history | history | NOUN | Number=Sing | 61 page | nmod |
| 67 | with | with | ADP | _ | 69 signs | case |
| 68 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 69 signs | det |
| 69 | signs | sign | NOUN | Number=Plur | 66 history | nmod |
| 70 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 71 portents | cc |
| 71 | portents | portent | NOUN | Number=Plur | 69 signs | conj |
| 72 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 74 transcend | punct |
| 73 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 74 transcend | nsubj |
| 74 | transcend | transcend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 69 signs | conj |
| 75 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 76 probabilities | det |
| 76 | probabilities | probability | NOUN | Number=Plur | 74 transcend | obj |
| 77 | of | of | ADP | _ | 79 life | case |
| 78 | ordinary | ordinary | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 79 life | amod |
| 79 | life | life | NOUN | Number=Sing | 76 probabilities | nmod |
| 80 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 83 revolutions | punct |
| 81 | for | for | ADP | _ | 83 revolutions | case |
| 82 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 83 revolutions | det |
| 83 | revolutions | revolution | NOUN | Number=Plur | 94 events | nsubj |
| 84 | of | of | ADP | _ | 85 empires | case |
| 85 | empires | empire | NOUN | Number=Plur | 83 revolutions | nmod |
| 86 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 88 downfall | cc |
| 87 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 88 downfall | det |
| 88 | downfall | downfall | NOUN | Number=Sing | 85 empires | conj |
| 89 | of | of | ADP | _ | 91 kings | case |
| 90 | mighty | mighty | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 91 kings | amod |
| 91 | kings | king | NOUN | Number=Plur | 88 downfall | nmod |
| 92 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 94 events | cop |
| 93 | awful | awful | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 94 events | amod |
| 94 | events | event | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 say | ccomp |
| 95 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 97 shake | punct |
| 96 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 97 shake | nsubj |
| 97 | shake | shake | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 94 events | parataxis |
| 98 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 99 physical | det |
| 99 | physical | physical | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 97 shake | obj |
| 100 | as | as | ADV | ExtPos=CCONJ | 105 world | cc |
| 101 | well | well | ADV | Degree=Pos | 100 as | fixed |
| 102 | as | as | ADP | _ | 100 as | fixed |
| 103 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 105 world | det |
| 104 | moral | moral | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 105 world | amod |
| 105 | world | world | NOUN | Number=Sing | 97 shake | conj |
| 106 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 110 announced | punct |
| 107 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 110 announced | cc |
| 108 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 110 announced | aux:pass |
| 109 | often | often | ADV | _ | 110 announced | advmod |
| 110 | announced | announce | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 say | parataxis |
| 111 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 112 forerunning | mark |
| 112 | forerunning | forerunn | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 110 announced | advcl |
| 113 | marvels | marvel | NOUN | Number=Plur | 112 forerunning | obj |
| 114 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 116 omens | cc |
| 115 | prodigious | prodigious | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 116 omens | amod |
| 116 | omens | omen | NOUN | Number=Plur | 113 marvels | conj |
| 117 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 say | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | infinitive | Heaven | the old Spanish chronicles | time | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent chronicle=Topic | |||
| 2 | permit | past | Heaven not said here | a marvellous intimation of the wrath | vn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent intimation=Theme | ||||
| 3 | intend | past | intimation | with the wrath | vn intend-61.2-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 4 | visit not said to happen | to-infinitive | intimation not said here | the monarch and Heaven's people | punishment of people's sins conj | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent monarch=Co-Agent | |||
| 5 | is | present | we | the same orthodox writers obj; say property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | startle | to-infinitive | we not said here | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 7 | withhold | present | our faith | tree rules | |||||
| 8 | meet | present | we | the page of discreet history with this signs and portents | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 9 | transcend | present | this signs and portents | the probabilities of ordinary life | vn exceed-90 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot probability=Theme | ||||
| 10 | is a | present | the revolutions of empires and the downfall of mighty kings | awful events | tree rules | ||||
| 11 | shake | present | that | the physical | the moral world conj | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent physical=Patient | |||
| 12 | announce speech: other | present · passive | often property | vn order-58.3 «NP V S» | |||||
| 13 | forerunn | gerund | marvels and prodigious omens | tree rules | |||||
| 14 | intimate | the wrath | nom intimation «communication transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 15 | punish | people's sins | nom punishment «act transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 16 | page | discreet history with this signs and portents | nom page «communication transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 17 | revolt | empires and the downfall of mighty kings | nom revolution «event intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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