Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems, Opening, part 18, sentence 168
Crossing in bitter winter A wide and dismal region Very poorly supplied For travel of any kind, The cold wind blew like knives, Snow fell with sleet and frost, And hail and pelting rain All in bad company Came on him all in one.
Who acts: cold wind, hail, kind · What happens: cross, supply, blow, snow, fall, come · To what, where: wide region
This is a sentence of «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Opening, part 18. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (cold wind, hail, kind), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Crossing | cross | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 12 supplied | advcl |
| 2 | in | in | ADP | _ | 4 winter | case |
| 3 | bitter | bitter | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 winter | amod |
| 4 | winter | winter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Crossing | obl |
| 5 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 region | det |
| 6 | wide | wide | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 region | amod |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 dismal | cc |
| 8 | dismal | dismal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 wide | conj |
| 9 | region | region | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Crossing | obj |
| 10 | Very | very | ADV | _ | 12 supplied | advmod |
| 11 | poorly | poorly | ADV | _ | 12 supplied | advmod |
| 12 | supplied | supply | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 13 | For | for | ADP | _ | 14 travel | case |
| 14 | travel | travel | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 supplied | obl |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 kind | case |
| 16 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 17 kind | det |
| 17 | kind | kind | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 travel | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 blew | punct |
| 19 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 wind | det |
| 20 | cold | cold | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 wind | amod |
| 21 | wind | wind | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 blew | nsubj |
| 22 | blew | blow | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 supplied | conj |
| 23 | like | like | ADP | _ | 24 knives | case |
| 24 | knives | knife | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 blew | obl |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 Snow | punct |
| 26 | Snow | snow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 blew | ccomp |
| 27 | fell | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 26 Snow | ccomp |
| 28 | with | with | ADP | _ | 29 sleet | case |
| 29 | sleet | sleet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 fell | obl |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 frost | cc |
| 31 | frost | frost | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 sleet | conj |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 42 Came | punct |
| 33 | And | and | CCONJ | _ | 42 Came | cc |
| 34 | hail | hail | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 Came | nsubj |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 rain | cc |
| 36 | pelting | pelting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 rain | compound |
| 37 | rain | rain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 hail | conj |
| 38 | All | all | ADV | _ | 41 company | advmod |
| 39 | in | in | ADP | _ | 41 company | case |
| 40 | bad | bad | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 company | amod |
| 41 | company | company | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 hail | nmod |
| 42 | Came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 27 fell | conj |
| 43 | on | on | ADP | _ | 44 him | case |
| 44 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 42 Came | obl |
| 45 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 44 him | nmod:unmarked |
| 46 | in | in | ADP | _ | 47 one | case |
| 47 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 42 Came | obl |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 supplied | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cross | gerund | a wide region | winter | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent region=Patient | ||||
| 2 | supply | participle | for travel of any kind; poorly property | vn fulfilling-13.4.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent for travel=Recipient | |||||
| 3 | blow | past | the cold wind | like knives | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | snow | present | the cold wind not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | fall | past | the cold wind not said here | with sleet and frost | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 6 | come | past | hail in bad company and pelting rain | on wind; in one | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on he=Location | ||||
| 7 | travel | any kind | nom travel «act intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Project Gutenberg book 78673 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/18/168/