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Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems, Opening, part 2, sentence 24

An excellent example of polysynthesis is seen in the combination _ndalagaʿkimzi Alsigontegok_, “I learned it at St. Francis” (Abenaki), which may be analyzed as follows: _n_, inseparable prefix of the first person, _dal_ the prepositional element “in” or “at” (cf. the separable post-position _tali_, “in”), √_agaʿkim_, the root “to learn, teach”--itself a reduplicated form of original √_kim_, “learn”--and, finally, -_zi_, the reflexive ending.

Who acts: knowledge, example, zi · What happens: see n, learn, analyze, follow, teach, reduplicate · To what, where: excellent example, combination, example, Francis, polysynthesis, first person · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Opening, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (knowledge, example, zi), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

detamodnsubj:passcasenmodaux:passcasedetoblpunctflat:foreignoblpunctpunctpunctnsubjacl:relclobjcasenmod:descoblpunctpunctflatpunctpunctnsubj:passauxaux:passacl:relclmarkadvclpunctpunctcompound:prtpunctpunctamodflatcasedetamodnmodpunctamodconjpunctdetamodflatpunctgoeswithpunctccpunctconjpunctpunctflatpunctdetamodflatpunctconjpunctpunctpunctcasepunctpunctpunctgoeswithpunctflatpunctpunctdetflatpunctmarkflatpunctconjpunctpunctnsubjdetamodflatcaseamodnmodpunctflatpunctpunctpunctflatpunctpunctccpunctadvmodpunctpunctpunctnsubjpunctpunctdetcompoundflatpunctrootAnDETexcellentADJexampleNOUNofADPpolysynthesisNOUNisAUXseenVERBinADPtheDETcombinationNOUN_PUNCTndalagaʿkimziXAlsigontegokPROPN_PUNCT,PUNCT“PUNCTIPRONlearnedVERBitPRONatADPSt.PROPNFrancisPROPN”PUNCT(PUNCTAbenakiPROPN)PUNCT,PUNCTwhichPRONmayAUXbeAUXanalyzedVERBasSCONJfollowsVERB:PUNCT_PUNCTnX_PUNCT,PUNCTinseparableADJprefixNOUNofADPtheDETfirstADJpersonNOUN,PUNCT_ADJdalNOUN_PUNCTtheDETprepositionalADJelementNOUN“PUNCTinADP”PUNCTorCCONJ“PUNCTatADP”PUNCT(PUNCTcfNOUN.PUNCTtheDETseparableADJpost-positionNOUN_PUNCTtaliNOUN_PUNCT,PUNCT“PUNCTinADP”PUNCT)PUNCT,PUNCT√PROPN_PUNCTagaʿkimNOUN_PUNCT,PUNCTtheDETrootNOUN“PUNCTtoPARTlearnVERB,PUNCTteachVERB”PUNCT--PUNCTitselfPRONaDETreduplicatedVERBformNOUNofADPoriginalADJ√NOUN_PUNCTkimPROPN_PUNCT,PUNCT“PUNCTlearnVERB”PUNCT--PUNCTandCCONJ,PUNCTfinallyADV,PUNCT-PUNCT_PUNCTziX_PUNCT,PUNCTtheDETreflexiveNOUNendingNOUN.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1AnaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art3 exampledet
2excellentexcellentADJDegree=Pos3 exampleamod
3exampleexampleNOUNNumber=Sing7 seennsubj:pass
4ofofADP_5 polysynthesiscase
5polysynthesispolysynthesisNOUNNumber=Sing3 examplenmod
6isbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin7 seenaux:pass
7seenseeVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Passrootroot
8ininADP_10 combinationcase
9thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art10 combinationdet
10combinationcombinationNOUNNumber=Sing7 seenobl
11__PUNCT_13 Alsigontegokpunct
12ndalagaʿkimzindalagaʿkimziXForeign=Yes13 Alsigontegokflat:foreign
13AlsigontegokAlsigontegokPROPNNumber=Sing7 seenobl
14__PUNCT_13 Alsigontegokpunct
15,,PUNCT_18 learnedpunct
16“"PUNCT_18 learnedpunct
17IIPRONCase=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs18 learnednsubj
18learnedlearnVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin13 Alsigontegokacl:relcl
19ititPRONCase=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs18 learnedobj
20atatADP_22 Franciscase
21St.St.PROPNNumber=Sing22 Francisnmod:desc
22FrancisFrancisPROPNNumber=Sing18 learnedobl
23”"PUNCT_22 Francispunct
24((PUNCT_25 Abenakipunct
25AbenakiAbenakiPROPNNumber=Sing22 Francisflat
26))PUNCT_25 Abenakipunct
27,,PUNCT_31 analyzedpunct
28whichwhichPRONPronType=Rel31 analyzednsubj:pass
29maymayAUXVerbForm=Fin31 analyzedaux
30bebeAUXVerbForm=Inf31 analyzedaux:pass
31analyzedanalyzeVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass22 Francisacl:relcl
32asasSCONJ_33 followsmark
33followsfollowVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin31 analyzedadvcl
34::PUNCT_36 npunct
35__PUNCT_36 npunct
36nnX_7 seencompound:prt
37__PUNCT_36 npunct
38,,PUNCT_40 prefixpunct
39inseparableinseparableADJDegree=Pos40 prefixamod
40prefixprefixNOUNNumber=Sing36 nflat
41ofofADP_44 personcase
42thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art44 persondet
43firstfirstADJDegree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord44 personamod
44personpersonNOUNNumber=Sing40 prefixnmod
45,,PUNCT_47 dalpunct
46__ADJDegree=Pos47 dalamod
47daldalNOUNNumber=Sing44 personconj
48__PUNCT_36 npunct
49thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art51 elementdet
50prepositionalprepositionalADJDegree=Pos51 elementamod
51elementelementNOUNNumber=Sing36 nflat
52“"PUNCT_53 inpunct
53ininADP_36 ngoeswith
54”"PUNCT_53 inpunct
55ororCCONJ_57 atcc
56“"PUNCT_57 atpunct
57atatADP_53 inconj
58”"PUNCT_36 npunct
59((PUNCT_60 cfpunct
60cfcfNOUNNumber=Sing36 nflat
61..PUNCT_36 npunct
62thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art64 post-positiondet
63separableseparableADJDegree=Pos64 post-positionamod
64post-positionpost-positionNOUNNumber=Sing36 nflat
65__PUNCT_66 talipunct
66talitalusNOUNNumber=Plur36 nconj
67__PUNCT_36 npunct
68,,PUNCT_71 ”punct
69“"PUNCT_71 ”punct
70ininADP_71 ”case
71”"PUNCT_36 npunct
72))PUNCT_36 npunct
73,,PUNCT_74 √punct
74√√PROPNNumber=Sing36 ngoeswith
75__PUNCT_76 agaʿkimpunct
76agaʿkimagaʿkimNOUNNumber=Sing36 nflat
77__PUNCT_36 npunct
78,,PUNCT_80 rootpunct
79thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art80 rootdet
80rootrootNOUNNumber=Sing36 nflat
81“"PUNCT_83 learnpunct
82totoPART_83 learnmark
83learnlearnVERBVerbForm=Inf36 nflat
84,,PUNCT_85 teachpunct
85teachteachVERBVerbForm=Inf83 learnconj
86”"PUNCT_83 learnpunct
87----PUNCT_91 formpunct
88itselfitselfPRONCase=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes91 formnsubj
89aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art91 formdet
90reduplicatedreduplicateVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass91 formamod
91formformNOUNNumber=Sing36 nflat
92ofofADP_94 √case
93originaloriginalADJDegree=Pos94 √amod
94√√NOUNNumber=Sing91 formnmod
95__PUNCT_36 npunct
96kimKimPROPNNumber=Sing36 nflat
97__PUNCT_96 kimpunct
98,,PUNCT_100 learnpunct
99“"PUNCT_100 learnpunct
100learnlearnVERBVerbForm=Inf36 nflat
101”"PUNCT_100 learnpunct
102----PUNCT_114 endingpunct
103andandCCONJ_114 endingcc
104,,PUNCT_103 andpunct
105finallyfinallyADV_114 endingadvmod
106,,PUNCT_105 finallypunct
107--PUNCT_105 finallypunct
108__PUNCT_114 endingpunct
109ziziXForeign=Yes114 endingnsubj
110__PUNCT_109 zipunct
111,,PUNCT_114 endingpunct
112thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art114 endingdet
113reflexivereflexiveNOUNNumber=Sing114 endingcompound
114endingendingNOUNNumber=Sing36 nflat
115..PUNCT_7 seenpunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1see npresent · passivea excellent example of polysynthesisthe combinationndalagaʿkimzi Alsigontegok oblvn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus
2learn in a quotepastour knowledge = knowledgeexampleFrancis St.vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic
3analyzemay · passiveFrancis St.vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
4followpresentvn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
5learn in a quoteto-infinitivevn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
6teach speech: other in a quoteinfinitivevn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
7reduplicateparticipletree rules
8formexampleof original √tree rules
9learn in a quoteinfinitivevn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
10endingzifinally propertytree rules
11exemplifypolysynthesisnom example «cognition transitive»: of=patient
12prefixthe first person and _ dalnom prefix «communication transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Project Gutenberg book 78673 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/2/24/