Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems, Opening, part 2, sentence 24
An excellent example of polysynthesis is seen in the combination _ndalagaʿkimzi Alsigontegok_, “I learned it at St. Francis” (Abenaki), which may be analyzed as follows: _n_, inseparable prefix of the first person, _dal_ the prepositional element “in” or “at” (cf. the separable post-position _tali_, “in”), √_agaʿkim_, the root “to learn, teach”--itself a reduplicated form of original √_kim_, “learn”--and, finally, -_zi_, the reflexive ending.
Who acts: knowledge, example, zi · What happens: see n, learn, analyze, follow, teach, reduplicate · To what, where: excellent example, combination, example, Francis, polysynthesis, first person · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Opening, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (knowledge, example, zi), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | An | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 example | det |
| 2 | excellent | excellent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 example | amod |
| 3 | example | example | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 seen | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 polysynthesis | case |
| 5 | polysynthesis | polysynthesis | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 example | nmod |
| 6 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 seen | aux:pass |
| 7 | seen | see | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 combination | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 combination | det |
| 10 | combination | combination | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 seen | obl |
| 11 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 13 Alsigontegok | punct |
| 12 | ndalagaʿkimzi | ndalagaʿkimzi | X | Foreign=Yes | 13 Alsigontegok | flat:foreign |
| 13 | Alsigontegok | Alsigontegok | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 seen | obl |
| 14 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 13 Alsigontegok | punct |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 learned | punct |
| 16 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 learned | punct |
| 17 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 18 learned | nsubj |
| 18 | learned | learn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 Alsigontegok | acl:relcl |
| 19 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 learned | obj |
| 20 | at | at | ADP | _ | 22 Francis | case |
| 21 | St. | St. | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 Francis | nmod:desc |
| 22 | Francis | Francis | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 learned | obl |
| 23 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 Francis | punct |
| 24 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 25 Abenaki | punct |
| 25 | Abenaki | Abenaki | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 Francis | flat |
| 26 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 25 Abenaki | punct |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 analyzed | punct |
| 28 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 31 analyzed | nsubj:pass |
| 29 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 31 analyzed | aux |
| 30 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 31 analyzed | aux:pass |
| 31 | analyzed | analyze | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 22 Francis | acl:relcl |
| 32 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 33 follows | mark |
| 33 | follows | follow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 analyzed | advcl |
| 34 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 35 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 36 | n | n | X | _ | 7 seen | compound:prt |
| 37 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 prefix | punct |
| 39 | inseparable | inseparable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 prefix | amod |
| 40 | prefix | prefix | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 n | flat |
| 41 | of | of | ADP | _ | 44 person | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 person | det |
| 43 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 44 person | amod |
| 44 | person | person | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 prefix | nmod |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 47 dal | punct |
| 46 | _ | _ | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 47 dal | amod |
| 47 | dal | dal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 person | conj |
| 48 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 49 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 51 element | det |
| 50 | prepositional | prepositional | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 51 element | amod |
| 51 | element | element | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 n | flat |
| 52 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 53 in | punct |
| 53 | in | in | ADP | _ | 36 n | goeswith |
| 54 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 53 in | punct |
| 55 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 57 at | cc |
| 56 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 57 at | punct |
| 57 | at | at | ADP | _ | 53 in | conj |
| 58 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 59 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 60 cf | punct |
| 60 | cf | cf | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 n | flat |
| 61 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 62 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 64 post-position | det |
| 63 | separable | separable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 64 post-position | amod |
| 64 | post-position | post-position | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 n | flat |
| 65 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 66 tali | punct |
| 66 | tali | talus | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 n | conj |
| 67 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 68 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 71 ” | punct |
| 69 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 71 ” | punct |
| 70 | in | in | ADP | _ | 71 ” | case |
| 71 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 72 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 73 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 74 √ | punct |
| 74 | √ | √ | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 n | goeswith |
| 75 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 76 agaʿkim | punct |
| 76 | agaʿkim | agaʿkim | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 n | flat |
| 77 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 78 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 80 root | punct |
| 79 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 80 root | det |
| 80 | root | root | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 n | flat |
| 81 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 83 learn | punct |
| 82 | to | to | PART | _ | 83 learn | mark |
| 83 | learn | learn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 36 n | flat |
| 84 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 85 teach | punct |
| 85 | teach | teach | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 83 learn | conj |
| 86 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 83 learn | punct |
| 87 | -- | -- | PUNCT | _ | 91 form | punct |
| 88 | itself | itself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 91 form | nsubj |
| 89 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 91 form | det |
| 90 | reduplicated | reduplicate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 91 form | amod |
| 91 | form | form | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 n | flat |
| 92 | of | of | ADP | _ | 94 √ | case |
| 93 | original | original | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 94 √ | amod |
| 94 | √ | √ | NOUN | Number=Sing | 91 form | nmod |
| 95 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 36 n | punct |
| 96 | kim | Kim | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 n | flat |
| 97 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 96 kim | punct |
| 98 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 100 learn | punct |
| 99 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 100 learn | punct |
| 100 | learn | learn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 36 n | flat |
| 101 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 100 learn | punct |
| 102 | -- | -- | PUNCT | _ | 114 ending | punct |
| 103 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 114 ending | cc |
| 104 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 103 and | punct |
| 105 | finally | finally | ADV | _ | 114 ending | advmod |
| 106 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 105 finally | punct |
| 107 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 105 finally | punct |
| 108 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 114 ending | punct |
| 109 | zi | zi | X | Foreign=Yes | 114 ending | nsubj |
| 110 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 109 zi | punct |
| 111 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 114 ending | punct |
| 112 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 114 ending | det |
| 113 | reflexive | reflexive | NOUN | Number=Sing | 114 ending | compound |
| 114 | ending | ending | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 n | flat |
| 115 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 seen | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | see n | present · passive | a excellent example of polysynthesis | the combination | ndalagaʿkimzi Alsigontegok obl | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus | |||
| 2 | learn in a quote | past | our knowledge = knowledge | example | Francis St. | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic | |||
| 3 | analyze | may · passive | Francis St. | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 4 | follow | present | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 5 | learn in a quote | to-infinitive | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | teach speech: other in a quote | infinitive | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 7 | reduplicate | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 8 | form | example | of original √ | tree rules | |||||
| 9 | learn in a quote | infinitive | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 10 | ending | zi | finally property | tree rules | |||||
| 11 | exemplify | polysynthesis | nom example «cognition transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 12 | prefix | the first person and _ dal | nom prefix «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Project Gutenberg book 78673 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/2/24/