Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems, Opening, part 6, sentence 56
His trials were many and sore; He came unto a chain Of mountains exceeding high, In a dark and lonely land Wherein no sound was heard; And the ascent was hard As climbing a slippery pole.
Who acts: trials, Master, mountains, ascent · What happens: be, come, exceed, hear, climb, try · To what, where: dark land, sound, slippery pole
This is a sentence of «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Opening, part 6. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (trials, Master, mountains, ascent), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | His | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 2 trials | nmod:poss |
| 2 | trials | trial | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 many | nsubj |
| 3 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 many | cop |
| 4 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 5 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 sore | cc |
| 6 | sore | sore | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 many | conj |
| 7 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 9 came | punct |
| 8 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 came | nsubj |
| 9 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 many | parataxis |
| 10 | unto | unto | ADP | _ | 12 chain | case |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 chain | det |
| 12 | chain | chain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 came | obl |
| 13 | Of | of | ADP | _ | 14 mountains | case |
| 14 | mountains | mountain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 chain | nmod |
| 15 | exceeding | exceed | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 14 mountains | acl |
| 16 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 exceeding | xcomp |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 land | punct |
| 18 | In | in | ADP | _ | 23 land | case |
| 19 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 23 land | det |
| 20 | dark | dark | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 land | amod |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 lonely | cc |
| 22 | lonely | lonely | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 dark | conj |
| 23 | land | land | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 came | obl |
| 24 | Wherein | wherein | ADV | PronType=Int | 28 heard | advmod |
| 25 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 26 sound | det |
| 26 | sound | sound | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 heard | nsubj:pass |
| 27 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 28 heard | aux:pass |
| 28 | heard | hear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 23 land | acl:relcl |
| 29 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 34 hard | punct |
| 30 | And | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 hard | cc |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 ascent | det |
| 32 | ascent | ascent | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 hard | nsubj |
| 33 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 hard | cop |
| 34 | hard | hard | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 many | conj |
| 35 | As | as | SCONJ | _ | 36 climbing | mark |
| 36 | climbing | climb | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 34 hard | advcl |
| 37 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 39 pole | det |
| 38 | slippery | slippery | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 pole | amod |
| 39 | pole | pole | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 climbing | obj |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 many | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | Master's trials | many property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | be | Master's trials not said here | tree rules | ||||||
| 3 | come | past | Master | a dark land | unto a chain of mountains | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in land=Location | |||
| 4 | exceed | gerund | mountains not said here | high property | vn exceed-90 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot | ||||
| 5 | hear | past · passive | no sound | wherein property | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Stimulus | ||||
| 6 | is | past | the ascent | hard property | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | climb | gerund | the ascent not said here | a slippery pole | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location pole=Theme | ||||
| 8 | try | Master | nom trial «act transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Project Gutenberg book 78673 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/6/56/