Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, sentence 18
But there is one country in Europe in which, by virtue of a marvellous strength and tenacity of the historical intellect, and of filial devotedness to the memory of their ancestors, there have been preserved down into the early phases of mediaeval civilisation, and then committed to the sure guardianship of manuscript, the hymns, ballads, stories, and chronicles, the names, pedigrees, achievements, and even characters, of those ancient kings and warriors over whom those massive cromlechs were erected and great cairns piled.
Who acts: one country, virtue · What happens: be, preserve down, erect, pile · To what, where: Europe, chronicles, early phases, massive cromlechs, great cairns
This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (one country, virtue), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | But | but | CCONJ | _ | 3 is | cc |
| 2 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 3 is | expl |
| 3 | is | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 5 country | nummod |
| 5 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 is | nsubj |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 Europe | case |
| 7 | Europe | Europe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 is | obl |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 9 which | case |
| 9 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 3 is | nsubj |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 virtue | punct |
| 11 | by | by | ADP | _ | 12 virtue | case |
| 12 | virtue | virtue | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 which | conj |
| 13 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 strength | case |
| 14 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 strength | det |
| 15 | marvellous | marvellous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 strength | amod |
| 16 | strength | strength | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 virtue | nmod |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 tenacity | cc |
| 18 | tenacity | tenacity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 strength | conj |
| 19 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 intellect | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 intellect | det |
| 21 | historical | historical | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 intellect | amod |
| 22 | intellect | intellect | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 tenacity | nmod |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 preserved | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 preserved | cc |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 27 devotedness | case |
| 26 | filial | filial | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 devotedness | amod |
| 27 | devotedness | devotedness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 preserved | obl |
| 28 | to | to | ADP | _ | 30 memory | case |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 memory | det |
| 30 | memory | memory | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 devotedness | nmod |
| 31 | of | of | ADP | _ | 33 ancestors | case |
| 32 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 33 ancestors | nmod:poss |
| 33 | ancestors | ancestor | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 memory | nmod |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 devotedness | punct |
| 35 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 38 preserved | expl |
| 36 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 38 preserved | aux |
| 37 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 38 preserved | aux:pass |
| 38 | preserved | preserve | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 12 virtue | acl |
| 39 | down | down | ADP | _ | 38 preserved | compound:prt |
| 40 | into | into | ADP | _ | 43 phases | case |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 phases | det |
| 42 | early | early | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 phases | amod |
| 43 | phases | phase | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 preserved | obl |
| 44 | of | of | ADP | _ | 46 civilisation | case |
| 45 | mediaeval | mediaeval | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 civilisation | compound |
| 46 | civilisation | civilisation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 43 phases | nmod |
| 47 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 committed | punct |
| 48 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 50 committed | cc |
| 49 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 50 committed | advmod |
| 50 | committed | committed | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 46 civilisation | acl:relcl |
| 51 | to | to | ADP | _ | 54 guardianship | case |
| 52 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 54 guardianship | det |
| 53 | sure | sure | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 54 guardianship | amod |
| 54 | guardianship | guardianship | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 committed | obl |
| 55 | of | of | ADP | _ | 56 manuscript | case |
| 56 | manuscript | manuscript | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 54 guardianship | nmod |
| 57 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 59 hymns | punct |
| 58 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 59 hymns | det |
| 59 | hymns | hymn | NOUN | Number=Plur | 43 phases | conj |
| 60 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 61 ballads | punct |
| 61 | ballads | ballad | NOUN | Number=Plur | 59 hymns | conj |
| 62 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 63 stories | punct |
| 63 | stories | story | NOUN | Number=Plur | 59 hymns | conj |
| 64 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 66 chronicles | punct |
| 65 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 66 chronicles | cc |
| 66 | chronicles | chronicle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 preserved | obl |
| 67 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 69 names | punct |
| 68 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 69 names | det |
| 69 | names | name | NOUN | Number=Plur | 66 chronicles | conj |
| 70 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 71 pedigrees | punct |
| 71 | pedigrees | pedigree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 66 chronicles | conj |
| 72 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 73 achievements | punct |
| 73 | achievements | achievement | NOUN | Number=Plur | 66 chronicles | conj |
| 74 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 77 characters | punct |
| 75 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 77 characters | cc |
| 76 | even | even | ADV | _ | 77 characters | advmod |
| 77 | characters | character | NOUN | Number=Plur | 66 chronicles | conj |
| 78 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 82 kings | punct |
| 79 | of | of | ADP | _ | 82 kings | case |
| 80 | those | that | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 82 kings | det |
| 81 | ancient | ancient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 82 kings | amod |
| 82 | kings | king | NOUN | Number=Plur | 66 chronicles | conj |
| 83 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 84 warriors | cc |
| 84 | warriors | warrior | NOUN | Number=Plur | 82 kings | conj |
| 85 | over | over | ADP | _ | 86 whom | case |
| 86 | whom | whom | PRON | PronType=Rel | 91 erected | obl |
| 87 | those | that | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 89 cromlechs | det |
| 88 | massive | massive | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 89 cromlechs | amod |
| 89 | cromlechs | cromlech | NOUN | Number=Plur | 91 erected | nsubj:pass |
| 90 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 91 erected | aux:pass |
| 91 | erected | erect | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 82 kings | acl:relcl |
| 92 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 94 cairns | cc |
| 93 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 94 cairns | amod |
| 94 | cairns | cairn | NOUN | Number=Plur | 91 erected | conj |
| 95 | piled | pile | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 94 cairns | acl |
| 96 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 is | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | be | present | one country | Europe; there | which by virtue of a marvellous strength and tenacity of the historical intellect nsubj | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in europe=Location | |||
| 2 | preserve down | present · perfect · passive | virtue of a marvellous strength and tenacity of the historical intellect not said here | chronicles and the names and pedigrees and achievements and characters and that ancient kings and warriors | the early phases of mediaeval civilisation and the hymns and ballads and stories; there | of filial devotedness to the memory of strength's ancestors | vn defend-72.3 «NP V S_ING» | ||
| 3 | erect | past · passive | that massive cromlechs | over that ancient kings and warriors; great cairns conj | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Product | ||||
| 4 | pile | participle | great cairns not said here | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8109/1/18/