Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, sentence 7

Of its nature, and the ideas and sentiments whereby it was sustained, nought may now be learned save by an examination of those tombs themselves, and of the dumb remnants, from time to time exhumed out of their soil--rude instruments of clay, flint, brass, and gold, and by speculations and reasonings founded upon these archaeological gleanings, meagre and sapless.

Who acts: ideas · What happens: sustain, learn, save, exhume, found, examine · To what, where: ideas, nought, time, soil, speculations, tombs

This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ideas), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Of	of	ADP	_	3 nature	case
2	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 nature	nmod:poss
3	nature	nature	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 sustained	punct
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 sustained	cc
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 ideas	det
7	ideas	idea	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 sustained	nsubj:pass
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 sentiments	cc
9	sentiments	sentiment	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 ideas	conj
10	whereby	whereby	ADV	PronType=Int	13 sustained	advmod
11	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 sustained	nsubj:pass
12	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	13 sustained	aux:pass
13	sustained	sustain	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 nature	conj
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 learned	punct
15	nought	nought	PRON	PronType=Neg	19 learned	nsubj:pass
16	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	19 learned	aux
17	now	now	ADV	PronType=Dem	19 learned	advmod
18	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	19 learned	aux:pass
19	learned	learn	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	13 sustained	parataxis
20	save	save	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	19 learned	xcomp
21	by	by	ADP	_	23 examination	case
22	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	23 examination	det
23	examination	examination	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 save	obl
24	of	of	ADP	_	26 tombs	case
25	those	that	DET	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	26 tombs	det
26	tombs	tomb	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 examination	nmod
27	themselves	themselves	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	26 tombs	nmod
28	,	,	PUNCT	_	33 remnants	punct
29	and	and	CCONJ	_	33 remnants	cc
30	of	of	ADP	_	33 remnants	case
31	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	33 remnants	det
32	dumb	dumb	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 remnants	amod
33	remnants	remnant	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 learned	obl
34	,	,	PUNCT	_	36 time	punct
35	from	from	ADP	_	36 time	case
36	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 learned	obl:unmarked
37	to	to	ADP	_	38 time	case
38	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	36 time	nmod
39	exhumed	exhume	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	38 time	acl
40	out	out	ADP	_	43 soil	case
41	of	of	ADP	_	43 soil	case
42	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	43 soil	nmod:poss
43	soil	soil	NOUN	Number=Sing	39 exhumed	obl
44	--	--	PUNCT	_	46 instruments	punct
45	rude	rude	ADJ	Degree=Pos	46 instruments	amod
46	instruments	instrument	NOUN	Number=Plur	36 time	conj
47	of	of	ADP	_	48 clay	case
48	clay	clay	NOUN	Number=Sing	46 instruments	nmod
49	,	,	PUNCT	_	50 flint	punct
50	flint	flint	NOUN	Number=Sing	48 clay	conj
51	,	,	PUNCT	_	52 brass	punct
52	brass	brass	NOUN	Number=Sing	48 clay	conj
53	,	,	PUNCT	_	55 gold	punct
54	and	and	CCONJ	_	55 gold	cc
55	gold	gold	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 learned	conj
56	,	,	PUNCT	_	59 speculations	punct
57	and	and	CCONJ	_	59 speculations	cc
58	by	by	ADP	_	59 speculations	case
59	speculations	speculation	NOUN	Number=Plur	55 gold	appos
60	and	and	CCONJ	_	61 reasonings	cc
61	reasonings	reasoning	NOUN	Number=Plur	59 speculations	conj
62	founded	found	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	59 speculations	acl
63	upon	upon	ADP	_	66 gleanings	case
64	these	this	DET	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	66 gleanings	det
65	archaeological	archaeological	ADJ	Degree=Pos	66 gleanings	amod
66	gleanings	gleaning	NOUN	Number=Plur	62 founded	obl
67	,	,	PUNCT	_	68 meagre	punct
68	meagre	meagre	NOUN	Number=Sing	66 gleanings	conj
69	and	and	CCONJ	_	70 sapless	cc
70	sapless	sapless	NOUN	Number=Sing	66 gleanings	conj
71	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 nature	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sustain	past · passive		the ideas and sentiments			civilisation nsubj:pass; whereby property	vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Theme
2	learn	may · passive		nought		now; time	of the dumb remnants; gold conj	tree rules
3	save	participle					by a examination of that tombs ideas	vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
4	exhume	participle		time not said here	ideas's soil			vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent
5	found	participle		speculations and reasonings not said here			upon this archaeological gleanings and meagre and sapless	vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
7	examine			that tombs ideas				nom examination «act transitive»: of=patient
8	soil		ideas = idea					nom soil «state transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

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🌲 Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, sentence 7

The tree

Pragmatics

Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 1, sentence 7