In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 1, sentence 101
For years thereafter he lived alone in a hut among the mountains; studying without a fire in winter, and without a fan in summer; writing his thoughts upon the wall of his room—for lack of paper;—and using only a tile for his pillow.
Who acts: Shōko · What happens: live, study, write, use, think, lack · To what, where: hut, thoughts, tile, paper
This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Shōko), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | For | for | ADP | _ | 2 years | case |
| 2 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 lived | obl |
| 3 | thereafter | thereafter | ADV | _ | 5 lived | advmod |
| 4 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 lived | nsubj |
| 5 | lived | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | alone | alone | ADV | _ | 5 lived | advmod |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 9 hut | case |
| 8 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 hut | det |
| 9 | hut | hut | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 lived | obl |
| 10 | among | among | ADP | _ | 12 mountains | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 mountains | det |
| 12 | mountains | mountain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 lived | obl |
| 13 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 5 lived | punct |
| 14 | studying | study | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 lived | advcl |
| 15 | without | without | ADP | _ | 17 fire | case |
| 16 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 17 fire | det |
| 17 | fire | fire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 studying | obl |
| 18 | in | in | ADP | _ | 19 winter | case |
| 19 | winter | winter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 studying | obl |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 fan | punct |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 fan | cc |
| 22 | without | without | ADP | _ | 24 fan | case |
| 23 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 24 fan | det |
| 24 | fan | fan | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 lived | obl |
| 25 | in | in | ADP | _ | 26 summer | case |
| 26 | summer | summer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 fan | nmod |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 28 writing | punct |
| 28 | writing | write | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 lived | advcl |
| 29 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 30 thoughts | nmod:poss |
| 30 | thoughts | thought | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 writing | obj |
| 31 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 33 wall | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 wall | det |
| 33 | wall | wall | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 writing | obl |
| 34 | of | of | ADP | _ | 36 room | case |
| 35 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 36 room | nmod:poss |
| 36 | room | room | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 wall | nmod |
| 37 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 39 lack | punct |
| 38 | for | for | ADP | _ | 39 lack | case |
| 39 | lack | lack | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 writing | obl |
| 40 | of | of | ADP | _ | 41 paper | case |
| 41 | paper | paper | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 lack | nmod |
| 42 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 5 lived | punct |
| 43 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 45 using | punct |
| 44 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 45 using | cc |
| 45 | using | use | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 lived | advcl |
| 46 | only | only | ADV | _ | 48 tile | advmod |
| 47 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 48 tile | det |
| 48 | tile | tile | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 using | obj |
| 49 | for | for | ADP | _ | 51 pillow | case |
| 50 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 51 pillow | nmod:poss |
| 51 | pillow | pillow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 using | obl |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 lived | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | live | past | Shōko | a hut | year | among the mountains; without a fan in summer; alone, thereafter property | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in hut=Location | ||
| 2 | study | gerund | Shōko not said here | winter | without a fire | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||
| 3 | write | gerund | Shōko not said here | Shōko's thoughts | upon the wall of Shōko's room; for lack of paper | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent thought=Result for lack=Beneficiary | |||
| 4 | use | gerund | Shōko not said here | a tile | for Shōko's pillow | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent tile=Theme for pillow=Eventuality | |||
| 5 | think | Shōko | nom thought «cognition transitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 6 | lack | paper | nom lack «state transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/3/101/