In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 7, sentence 25
But other dogs know what it means, and make answer over the miles of the night,—sometimes from so far away that only by straining my hearing to the uttermost can I detect the faint response.
Who acts: other dogs, thing, I, my · What happens: know, mean, make, strain, detect, hear · To what, where: answer, hearing, faint response · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 7. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (other dogs, thing, I, my), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | But | but | CCONJ | _ | 4 know | cc |
| 2 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 dogs | amod |
| 3 | dogs | dog | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 know | nsubj |
| 4 | know | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 7 means | obj |
| 6 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 means | nsubj |
| 7 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 know | ccomp |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 make | punct |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 make | cc |
| 10 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 means | conj |
| 11 | answer | answer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 make | obj |
| 12 | over | over | ADP | _ | 14 miles | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 miles | det |
| 14 | miles | mile | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 make | obl |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 night | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 night | det |
| 17 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 miles | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 away | punct |
| 19 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 24 away | punct |
| 20 | sometimes | sometimes | ADV | PronType=Ind | 24 away | advmod |
| 21 | from | from | ADP | _ | 24 away | case |
| 22 | so | so | ADV | _ | 23 far | advmod |
| 23 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 24 away | advmod |
| 24 | away | away | ADV | _ | 10 make | advmod |
| 25 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 36 detect | mark |
| 26 | only | only | ADV | _ | 28 straining | advmod |
| 27 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 28 straining | mark |
| 28 | straining | strain | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 36 detect | csubj |
| 29 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 30 hearing | nmod:poss |
| 30 | hearing | hearing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 straining | obj |
| 31 | to | to | ADP | _ | 33 uttermost | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 uttermost | det |
| 33 | uttermost | uttermost | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 straining | obl |
| 34 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 36 detect | aux |
| 35 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 36 detect | nsubj |
| 36 | detect | detect | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 away | advcl |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 response | det |
| 38 | faint | faint | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 response | amod |
| 39 | response | response | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 detect | obj |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 know | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | know | present | other dogs | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 2 | mean | present | thing | what obj | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic | ||||
| 3 | make | infinitive | thing not said here | answer | over the miles of the night; away property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset answer=Product | |||
| 4 | strain | gerund | my hearing | to the uttermost | vn wipe_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent hearing=Source | ||||
| 5 | detect | can | I | the faint response | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer response=Stimulus | ||||
| 6 | hear | my | nom hearing «act intransitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/9/25/