Estonia, sentence 72

From Wikipedia, «Estonia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

Church services were now conducted in the vernacular, which initially meant Low German, but from the 1530s onward, the regular religious services were held in Estonian.

Who acts: vernacular · What happens: conduct, mean, hold · To what, where: Church services, vernacular, Low German, regular religious services, 1530s

This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Estonia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (vernacular), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher. This tree is Mova's own parse (the en model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Church	church	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 services	compound
2	services	service	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 conducted	nsubj:pass
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 conducted	aux:pass
4	now	now	ADV	PronType=Dem	5 conducted	advmod
5	conducted	conduct	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 vernacular	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 vernacular	det
8	vernacular	vernacular	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 conducted	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 meant	punct
10	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 meant	nsubj
11	initially	initially	ADV	_	12 meant	advmod
12	meant	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 vernacular	acl:relcl
13	Low	low	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 German	amod
14	German	German	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 meant	obj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 held	punct
16	but	but	CCONJ	_	27 held	cc
17	from	from	ADP	_	19 1530s	case
18	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	19 1530s	det
19	1530s	1530	NOUN	Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card	27 held	obl
20	onward	onward	ADV	_	19 1530s	advmod
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 1530s	punct
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 services	det
23	regular	regular	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 services	amod
24	religious	religious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 services	amod
25	services	service	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 held	nsubj:pass
26	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	27 held	aux:pass
27	held	hold	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 conducted	conj
28	in	in	ADP	_	29 Estonian	case
29	Estonian	Estonian	PROPN	Number=Sing	27 held	obl
30	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 conducted	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	conduct	past · passive		Church services	the vernacular	now		vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in vernacular=Destination
2	mean	past	the vernacular	Low German			initially property	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent german=Topic
3	hold	past · passive		the regular religious services	the 1530s		in Estonian	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Theme in estonian=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: the English Wikipedia, «Estonia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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