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In 1946, Gyula Košice and others created The Madí Movement in Argentina, which then spread to Europe and the United States, where it had a significant impact.[392]526 Tomás Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the Ulm Model of design education, still highly influential globally.527 Other Argentine artists of worldwide fame include Adolfo Bellocq, whose lithographs have been influential since the 1920s, and Benito Quinquela Martín, the quintessential port painter, inspired by the immigrant-bound La Boca neighbourhood.528 Internationally laureate sculptors Erminio Blotta, Lola Mora and Rogelio Yrurtia authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.[393][394]529

The colonisation brought the Spanish Baroque architecture, which can still be appreciated in its simpler Rioplatense style in the reduction of San Ignacio Miní, the Cathedral of Córdoba, and the Cabildo of Luján.530 Italian and French influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong eclectic overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.[395]531

Mass media

Main article: Communications in Argentina

The print media industry is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers.532 The major national ones include Clarín (centrist, Latin America's best-seller and the second most widely circulated in the Spanish-speaking world), La Nación (centre-right), Página/12 (leftist), La Voz del Interior (centre).[396][397]533

Argentina began the world's first regular radio broadcasting on 27 August 1920, when Richard Wagner's Parsifal was aired by a team of medical students led by Enrique Telémaco Susini in Buenos Aires' Teatro Coliseo.[398]534 In 2002, there were 260 AM and 1150 FM registered radio stations in Argentina.[399]535

The Argentine television industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions and TV formats having been exported abroad.536 Since 1999 Argentines have enjoyed the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America.[400]537 In 2014, 87.4% of Argentina's households had access, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada and Europe.[401]538

As of early 2024, internet penetration in Argentina stood at 88.4% of the total population, and the ratio of cellular mobile connections to the total population was 135.3% (62.14 million active connections).[402]539

Cuisine

Main article: Argentine cuisine

Besides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and Criollo creations, including empanadas (a small stuffed pastry), locro (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), humita and mate.[403]540

The country has the highest consumption of red meat in the world,[404] traditionally prepared as asado, the Argentine barbecue.541 It is made with various types of meats, often including chorizo, sweetbread, chitterlings, and blood sausage.[405]542

Common desserts include facturas (Viennese-style pastry), cakes and pancakes filled with dulce de leche (a sort of milk caramel jam), alfajores (shortbread cookies sandwiched together with chocolate, dulce de leche or a fruit paste), and tortas fritas (fried cakes)543

Argentine wine, one of the world's finest,[406] is an integral part of the local menu.544 Malbec, Torrontés, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Chardonnay are some of the most sought-after varieties.[407]545

Sport

Main article: Sport in Argentina

Pato is the national sport,[408] an ancient horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of horseball.[409][410]546

The most popular sport is football.547 Along with Brazil, Germany and France, the men's national team is the only one to have won each of the World Cup (in 1978, 1986 and 2022), Confederations Cup, and the Olympic gold.548 They have also won 16 Copas América, 7 Pan American Gold Medals and many other trophies.[411]549 Alfredo Di Stéfano, Diego Maradona and Lionel Messi are widely considered to be among the best players in the game's history.[412]550

The country's women's field hockey team Las Leonas, is one of the world's most successful with four Olympic medals, two World Cups, a World League and seven Champions Trophy.[413]551 Luciana Aymar is recognised as the best female player in the history of the sport,[414] being the only player to have received the FIH Player of the Year Award eight times.[415]552

Basketball is a very popular sport.553 The men's national team is the only one in the FIBA Americas zone that has won the quintuplet crown: World Championship, Olympic Gold Medal, Diamond Ball, Americas Championship, and Pan American Gold Medal.554 It has also conquered 13 South American Championships, and many other tournaments.[416]555 Emanuel Ginóbili, Luis Scola, Andrés Nocioni, Fabricio Oberto, Pablo Prigioni, Carlos Delfino and Juan Ignacio Sánchez are a few of the country's most acclaimed players, all of them part of the NBA.[413]556 Argentina hosted the Basketball World Cup in 1950 and 1990.557

Rugby is another popular sport in Argentina. as of 2017, the men's national team, known as 'Los Pumas' has competed at the Rugby World Cup each time it has been held, achieving their highest-ever result in 2007 when they came third.558 Since 2012, the Los Pumas have competed against Australia, New Zealand & South Africa in The Rugby Championship, the premier international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere.559 Since 2009 the secondary men's national team known as the 'Jaguares' has competed against the US, Canada, and Uruguay first teams in the Americas Rugby Championship, which Los Jaguares have won six out of eight times it has taken place.560

Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for boxing, including Carlos Monzón, the best middleweight in history;[417] Pascual Pérez, one of the most decorated flyweight boxers of all times; Horacio Accavallo, the former WBA and WBC world flyweight champion; Víctor Galíndez, as of 2009, record holder for consecutive world light heavyweight title defences and Nicolino Locche, nicknamed "The Untouchable" for his masterful defence; they are all inductees into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.[418]561

Tennis has been quite popular among people of all ages.562 Guillermo Vilas is the greatest Latin American player of the Open Era,[419] while Gabriela Sabatini is the most accomplished Argentine female player of all time—having reached number 3 in the WTA ranking,[420] are both inductees into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.[421]563 Argentina has won the World Team Cup four times, in 1980, 2002, 2007 and 2010 and has reached the semifinals of the Davis Cup 7 times in the last 10 years, losing the finals against Russia in 2006 and Spain in 2008 and 2011; the Argentine team also played the final in 1981, where they lost against the United States.564 The national squad won the 2016 Davis Cup.565

Argentina reigns undisputed in polo, having won more international championships than any other country and been seldom beaten since the 1930s.[422]566 The Argentine Polo Championship is the sport's most important international team trophy.567 The country is home to most of the world's top players, among them Adolfo Cambiaso, the best in Polo history.[423]568

Historically, Argentina has had a strong showing within auto racing.569 Juan Manuel Fangio was a five-time Formula One world champion under four different teams, winning 102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver of all time.570 Other distinguished racers were Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, Juan Gálvez, José Froilán González and Carlos Reutemann.571

See also

Outline of Argentina

Bibliography

Legal documents

Articles

Books

Main article: Category:Books about Argentina

  • Abad de Santillán, Diego (1971). "603 Historia Argentina".604 Tipográfica Editora Argentina.605
  • Adler, Emanuel; Greve, Patricia (2009). "606 Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global".607 Cambridge University Press.608
  • Aeberhard, Danny; Benson, Andrew; Phillips, Lucy (2000). "609 The rough guide to Argentina".610 Rough Guides.611
  • Akstinat, Björn (2013). "612 Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Presse im Ausland".613 IMH–Verlag.614
  • Anderson, Sean K.; Sloan, Stephen (3 August 2009). "615 Historical Dictionary of Terrorism".616 Scarecrow Press.617
  • Arbena, Joseph (1999). "618 Latin American sport: an annotated bibliography, 1988–1998".619 Greenwood Press.620
  • "Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean".621 Rowman & Littlefield.622 2002.623
  • Barnes, John (1978). "624 Evita, First Lady: A Biography of Eva Perón".625 Grove Press.626
  • Bidart Campos, Germán J. (2005). "627 Manual de la Constitución Reformada".628 Ediar.629
  • Bloom, Harold (1994). "630 The Western Canon:la The Books and School of the Ages".631 Harcourt Brace & Company.632
  • Boughton, James M. (2012). "633 Tearing Down Walls.634 The International Monetary Fund 1990–1999".635 International Monetary Fund.636
  • Crow, John A. (1992). "637 The Epic of Latin America".638 University of California Press.639
  • Díaz Alejandro, Carlos F.640 (1970). "641 Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic".642 Yale University Press.643
  • Dougall, Angus (2013). "644 The Greatest Racing Driver".645 Balboa Press.646
  • Edwards, Todd L. (2008). "647 Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook".648 ABC-CLIO.649
  • Epstein, Edward; Pion-Berlin, David (2006). "650 Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy".651 Lexington Books.652
  • Fayt, Carlos S. (1985). "653 Derecho Político".654 Depalma.655
  • Fearns, Les; Fearns, Daisy (2005). "656 Argentina".657 Evans Brothers.658
  • Foster, David W.; Lockhart, Melissa F.; Lockhart, Darrell B. (1998). "659 Culture and Customs of Argentina".660 Greenwood Publishing Group.661
  • Friedman, Ian C. (2007). "662 Latino Athletes".663 Infobase Publishing.664
  • Galasso, Norberto (2011). "665 Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II".666 Colihue.667
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (2000). "668 Globalization, Power, and Democracy".669 The Johns Hopkins University Press.670
  • King, John (2000). "671 Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America".672 Verso.673
  • Kopka, Deborah (2011). "674 Central & South America".675 Lorenz Educational Press.676
  • Lake, David (2009). "677 Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global".678 Cambridge University Press.679
  • Levene, Ricardo (1948). "680 Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15".681 Editorial G. Kraf.682
  • Lewis, Daniel K. (2003). "683 The History of Argentina".684 Palgrave Macmillan.685
  • "Ethnologue: Languages of the World".686 Summer Institute of Linguistics International.687 2014.688
  • Lewis, Paul (1990). "689 The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism".690 University of North Carolina Press.691
  • Maldifassi, José O.; Abetti, Pier A. (1994). "692 Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile".693 Praeger.694
  • McCloskey, Erin; Burford, Tim (2006). "695 Argentina".696 Bradt Travel Guides.697
  • McKinney, Kevin (1993). "698 Everyday geography".699 GuildAmerica Books.700
  • Menutti, Adela; Menutti, María Mercedes (1980). "701 Geografía Argentina y Universal".702 Edil.703
  • Miller, Marilyn Grace (2004). "704 Rise and Fall of the Cosmic Race".705 University of Texas Press.706
  • Morris, Michael (1988). "707 The Strait of Magellan".708 Martinus Nijhoff Publishes.709
  • Mosk, Sanford A. (1990). "710 People and Issues in Latin American History".711 Markus Wiener Publishing.712
  • "Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice".713 ABC-CLIO.714 2012.715
  • Nierop, Tom (2001). "716 The Territorial Factor".717 Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press.718
  • O'Donnell, Pacho (1998). "719 El Aguila Guerrera: La Historia Argentina Que No Nos Contaron".720 Editorial Sudamericana.721
  • Papadopoulos, Anestis (2010). "722 The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy".723 Cambridge University Press.724
  • Rey Balmaceda, Raúl (1995). "725 Mi país, la Argentina".726 Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino.727
  • Rivas, José Andrés (1989). "728 Santiago en sus letras: antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas".729 Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero.730
  • Robben, Antonius C.G.M.731 (2011). "732 Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina".733 University of Pennsylvania Press.734
  • Rock, David (1987). "735 Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War".736 University of California Press.737
  • Rodríguez, Robert G. (2009). "738 The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States".739 McFarland.740
  • Rosenblat, Ángel (1964). "741 El nombre de la Argentina".742 EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.743
  • Ruiz-Dana, Alejandra; Goldschag, Peter; Claro, Edmundo; Blanco, Hernán (2009). "744 Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution".745 Routledge.746
  • Sánchez Viamonte, Carlos (1948). "747 Historia Institucional Argentina".748 Fondo de Cultura Económica.749
  • Traba, Juan (1985). "750 Origen de la palabra "¿¡Argentina!?751 "". Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José.752
  • Vanossi, Jorge R. (1964). "753 Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina".754 Ediciones Depalma.755
  • Wilson, Jonathan (23 August 2016). "756 Angels with Dirty Faces: How Argentine Soccer Defined a Nation and Changed the Game Forever".757 PublicAffairs.758
  • Wood, Bernard (1988). "759 The middle powers and the general interest".760 North–South Institute.761
  • Young, Richard; Cisneros, Odile (2010). "762 Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater".763 Scarecrow Press.764
  • Young, Ronald (2005). "765 Encyclopedia of World Geography".766 Golson Books.767

Further reading

Calvo, Carlos (1864). "Anales históricos de la revolucion de la América latina, acompañados de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el año 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de la independencia de ese extenso continente". A. Durand.

Crooker, Richard A. (2009). "Argentina". Infobase Publishing.

Ferro, Carlos A. (1991). "Historia de la Bandera Argentina". Ediciones Depalma.

Lamoureux, Andrew Jackson; Edmundson, George.

Maddison, Angus (1995). "Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992". OECD Publishing.

Maddison, Angus (2001). "The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective". OECD Publishing.

Margheritis, Ana (2010). "Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas". FirstForumPress.

External links

National Institute of Tourism Promotion

Argentina. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

Argentina at the Latin American Network Information Center

Argentina at the University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder

Key Development Forecasts for Argentina at International Futures

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References

1. (no text)

2. https://hcdcorrientes.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Ley5598.pdf. 22 October 2004.

3. "La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad?" [La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley.]. Cámara de Diputados de la Nación.

4. "Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin." [Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin.]. Cámara de Diputados de la Nación.

5. "Argentina Ethnic gropus".

6. "Argentina Religions – Demographics".

7. "3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km2); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km2); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km2); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km2) [pg.23]". www.ign.gob.ar. es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina) – IGN. 2022.

8. "Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km2); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km2); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km2); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km2)". www.indec.gob.ar. INDEC. 2024.

9. The total area claimed is 3,669,710.7 km2 of which the American continental part is 2,780,084.6 km2 (including Tierra del Fuego Province). Area does not include territorial claims in Antarctica (873,718.4 km2, including the South Orkney Islands and the South Shetland Islands) and the South Atlantic Islands (15,907.7 km2, including the Falkland Islands, the South Georgia Island and the South Sandwich Islands).[7][8]

10. "Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina". RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población.

11. "El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022: 4 datos claves sobre la población argentina". Página/12.

12. "World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 14 April 2026.

13. "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina". World Bank.

14. "Human Development Report 2025". United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025.

15. aɾxenˈtina; Arahentína or Ayhentína; Arkentina; Arjintina; (yr) Ariannin (ər) arˈjanɪn.

16. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 35.

17. Article 35 of the Argentine Constitution gives equal recognition to the names "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation" and using "Argentine Nation" in the making and enactment of laws.[16]

18. República Argentina reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina; Arahentína Tavakuairetã or Ayhentína Tavakuairet; Arkentina ñi Repüwlika; Arjintina Ripuwlika; Gweriniaeth yr Ariannin ˌɡwɛrɪˈnjaɪθ ər arˈjanɪn.

19. Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17.

20. Borrero, Luis (September 1999). "The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia". Journal of World Prehistory.

21. Crow 1992, p. 128.

22. Gordon A. Bridger (2013). "Britain and the Making of Argentina". WIT Press.

23. Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (14 November 2011). "Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina". infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar.

24. "Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre" [Italians in the World: Italian diaspora in figures]. Migranti Torino. 30 April 2004.

25. O.N.I. – Department of Education of Argentina

26. "Major Non-NATO Ally Status".

27. "Argentina – Human Development Index – HDI 2021 | countryeconomy.com". countryeconomy.com.

28. The name Argentine (Spanish) El nombre de Argentina

29. "The name Argentina". 17 July 2026.

30. The poem's full name is La Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos del Perú, Tucumán y estado del Brasil.

31. Traba 1985, p. 15, 71.

32. Constitution of Argentina , p. 1826, art. 1.

33. Constitution of Argentina , p. 1853, Preamble.

34. Rosenblat 1964, p. 78.

35. Constitution of Argentina , p. 1860 amd., art. 35.

36. Also stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957, 1972 and 1994 (current)

37. "Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)". Oxford Dictionaries. 6 May 2013.

38. Bianco, Miguel Lo (18 July 2024). "Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America". Reuters.

39. Del Papa, Mariano (2024). "Human exploitation of glyptodonts during the Last Glacial Maximum in South America". PLOS ONE.

40. "Welcome Argentina".

41. "WHO UNESCO". whc.unesco.org.

42. "Rock Art Studies - News of the World: Volume 3". Oxbow Books. 2021-10-29.

43. Edwards 2008, p. 12.

44. Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 18–19.

45. Edwards 2008, p. 13.

46. Crow 1992, p. 129–32.

47. Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 96–140.

48. Crow 1992, p. 353.

49. Crow 1992, p. 134.

50. Crow 1992, p. 135.

51. Crow 1992, p. 347.

52. Crow 1992, p. 421.

53. Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 194ff.

54. Rock 1987, p. 81.

55. Rock 1987, p. 82–83.

56. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. Mexico City: Pearson Educación.

57. Mercene, Manila men, p. 52.

58. Sus padres y hermanos – Por José A. Torre Revell (1893–1964) Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano

59. O'Donnell 1998.

60. Lewis 2003, p. 39–40.

61. "Feriados nacionales 2018" [National Holidays 2018]. Argentina Ministry of the Interior.

62. Galasso 2011, p. 349–53.

63. Galasso 2011, p. 185–252.

64. San Martín's military campaigns, together with those of Simón Bolívar in Gran Colombia, are collectively known as the Spanish American wars of independence.[63]

65. Lewis 2003, p. 41.

66. "Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru: el rey que Argentina pudo tener". 13 July 2016.

67. "El 'plan del Inca' de Belgrano". 15 November 2013.

68. "Plan del Inca". 15 November 2013.

69. Lewis 2003, p. 43.

70. Lewis 2003, p. 45.

71. Lewis 2003, p. 46–47.

72. Lewis 2003, p. 48–50.

73. Galasso 2011, p. 363–541.

74. Bolt, Van Zanden 2013.

75. Díaz Alejandro 1970, p. 1.

76. Lewis 1990, p. 18–30.

77. Mosk 1990, p. 88–89.

78. Cruz 1990, p. 10.

79. Díaz Alejandro 1970, p. 2–3.

80. Galasso 2011, p. 567–625.

81. Lewis 1990, p. 37–38.

82. Barros, Álvaro (1872). "Fronteras y territorios federales de las pampas del Sud". tipos á vapor.

83. Ras, Norberto (2006). "La guerra por las vacas". Galerna.

84. Bayer, Osvaldo (4 December 2004). "Pulgas y garrapatas". Página/12.

85. Maeder, Ernesto J. A. (1997). "Historia del Chaco". Editorial Plus Ultra.

86. Iñigo Carrera, Nicolás (1983). "La colonización del Chaco". Centro Editor de América Latina.

87. "Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina". Ministerio de Educación de Argentina.

88. Galasso 2011, p. 7–178.

89. "Becoming a serious country". The Economist. 3 June 2004.

90. Galasso 2011, p. 181–302.

91. Alexander, Robert Jackson. A History of Organized Labor in Argentina. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2003.

92. Barnes 1978, p. 3.

93. Barnes 1978, p. 113ff.

94. "Chronology: Argentina's turbulent history of economic crises". Reuters. 30 July 2014.

95. Rock, David (1993). "Authoritarian Argentina". University of California Press.

96. "Clarín". Clarin.com. 2 August 2001.

97. Galasso 2011, p. 303–51.

98. Galasso 2011, p. 353–379.

99. Robben 2011, p. 34.

100. Galasso 2011, p. 381–422.

101. "Peronist | History, Facts, & Juan Peron | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2025-09-08.

102. Moreno, Hugo (2005). "Le désastre argentin. Péronisme, politique et violence sociale (1930–2001)". Editions Syllepses.

103. Manuel Justo Gaggero, "El general en su laberinto" , Pagina/12, 19 February 2007

104. de Onis, Juan (2 January 1977). "Argentina's Terror: Army Is Ahead". The New York Times.

105. Bernstein, Adam (17 May 2013). "Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentine junta leader, dies at 87". The Washington Post.

106. "VICENTE SOLANO LIMA (Published 1984)". The New York Times. 1984-04-24.

107. "Peron; A Takeover In Name As Well?; The World (Published 1973)". The New York Times. 1973-07-15.

108. Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina, Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007

109. Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo, Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994

110. "Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism" , Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 7 March 1976

111. "Argentina's Dirty War".

112. "Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia".

113. Gambini, Hugo (2008). Historia del peronismo. La violencia (1956–1983). Buenos Aires: Javier Vergara Editor. pp. 198/208.

114. Buncombe, Andrew (11 February 2022). "Florida businessman, 79, to face trial over notorious 1972 massacre in Argentina". The Independent.

115. McDonnell, Patrick J. (13 January 2007). "Arrest of Isabel Peron signals willingness to reexamine era". Los Angeles Times.

116. Burke, Hilary (21 January 2007). "Argentina probes pre-Dirty War rights crimes". Reuters.

117. Citations discussing this include:[94][114][115][116]

118. Robben 2011, p. 127.

119. Galasso 2011, p. 423–65.

120. Robben 2011, p. 76–77.

121. Anderson, Sloan 2009, p. 40–41.

122. Wilson 2016, p. 167.

123. Robben 2011, p. 145.

124. Robben 2011, p. 148.

125. Galasso 2011, p. 467–504.

126. Salas, Ernesto (2021). "Politics and violence in the final years of the Argentine organization Montoneros (1979–1983)". CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council).

127. Meislin, Richard J. (16 June 1982). "THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN". The New York Times.

128. "CBS News releases video of the Falklands War riots". Fox News. 24 February 2015.

129. Galasso 2011, p. 505–32.

130. 29 December 1986.

131. 9 June 1987.

132. Galasso 2011, p. 533–49.

133. Epstein, Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 6.

134. Epstein, Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 9.

135. Galasso 2011, p. 551–573.

136. Galasso 2011, p. 575–87.

137. Epstein, Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 12.

138. Epstein, Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 13.

139. "Kirchner Sworn in as President of Argentina – 2003-05-26". VOA.

140. Galasso 2011, p. 587–95.

141. Epstein, Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 16.

142. Epstein, Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 15.

143. Epstein, Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 14.

144. 3 September 2003.

145. 17 April 1998.

146. The Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.[145]

147. Galasso 2011, p. 597–626.

148. Bouchier, Dewitt (22 January 2019). "Ruin redux: Argentina's Economy under Mauricio Macri". The Political Military Club.

149. "Argentina shifts to the right after Mauricio Macri wins presidential runoff". The Guardian. 23 November 2015.

150. "Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical". Los Andes. 22 November 2015.

151. "Argentine President Mauricio Macri sworn in". France 24. 10 December 2015.

152. Carrelli Lynch, Guido. "Macri anunció medidas para amortiguar la inflación". Clarín.

153. Alcalá Kovalski, Manuel (5 September 2019). "Lessons learned from the Argentine economy under Macri". Brookings Institution.

154. Rabouin, Dion (3 September 2019). "Argentine president leads economy to debt, inflation and mass poverty". Axios.

155. "Argentina election: Centre-left Alberto Fernández wins presidency". BBC News. 28 October 2019.

156. "'We're back': Alberto Fernández sworn in as Argentina shifts to the left". The Guardian. 10 December 2019.

157. "Administracion Federal". AFIP.

158. "Allegations of a network of corruption money involves former president Kirchner". Merco Press. 15 March 2013.

159. "Peronists may lose Argentina Congress for first time in 40 years". www.aljazeera.com.

160. Bronstein, Hugh; Misculin, Nicolás (15 November 2021). "Argentina's Peronists on the ropes after bruising midterm defeat". Reuters.

161. "Argentina's President Fernandez will not seek re-election". www.aljazeera.com.

162. "Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election". BBC News. 19 November 2023.

163. "Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms". 11 December 2023.

164. "Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big". www.bbc.com. 27 October 2025.

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168. Young 2005, p. 52.

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171. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 8.

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174. "Biodiversity 2005. Cambridge, UK: UNEP–WCMC – World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme. 2005". www.bipindicators.net.

175. Includes higher plants only: ferns and fern allies, conifers and cycads, and flowering plants.[174]

176. Includes only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.[174]

177. Excludes marine mammals.[174]

178. "Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.

179. "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina". Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

180. Viglizzo, Ernesto F.; Paruelo, José M. (2005). "Sustainable Farming in the Argentine Pampas: History, Society, Economy, and Ecology". ResearchGate.

181. Maenza, Reinaldo A.; Agosta, Eduardo A.; Bettolli, María L. (August 2017). "Climate change and precipitation variability over the western 'Pampas' in Argentina". International Journal of Climatology.

182. "Grasslands Explained". National Geographic.

183. "Objetivos de la Administración". Administración de Parques Nacionales.

184. Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G. (8 December 2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature Communications.

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186. Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data.

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195. Leslie E. Anderson (2016). "Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective". University of Michigan Press.

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199. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 3.

200. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 37.

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202. Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages 16 and 17.[201]

203. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 53, 59, 75.

204. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 45, 47, 50.

205. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 54, 56.

206. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 99.

207. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 90.

208. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 116.

209. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 99, 114.

210. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 121.

211. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 5–6.

212. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 123.

213. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 122.

214. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 124–125.

215. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 129.

216. Although not a province, the City of Buenos Aires is a federally autonomous city, and as such its local organisation has similarities with provinces: it has its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and Deputy chambers.[215] As federal capital of the nation it holds the status of federal district.

217. Rey Balmaceda 1995, p. 19.

218. Bernado A. Duggan; Colin M. Lewis (2019). "Historical Dictionary of Argentina". Rowman & Littlefield.

219. "Secretary-General Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo 'Symbol of Argentina's Commitment to Peace'". United Nations – Secretary General. 14 June 2011.

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227. "OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania – OECD". 25 January 2022.

228. 5 May 1988.

229. 17 January 1992.

230. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 125–126.

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235. Maldifassi, Abetti 1994, p. 65–86.

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238. 23 June 1970.

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245. "Human Development Report 2013". UNDP – United Nations Development Program. 2013.

246. The other top developing nations being Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.[245]

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248. "Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos". 9 June 2022.

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253. "USGS Silver Production Statistics".

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265. Barrionuevo, Alexei (5 February 2011). "Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again". The New York Times.

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269. "Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms". 2023-12-11.

270. "Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy". Deutsche Welle. 21 December 2023.

271. Herald, Buenos Aires (18 February 2024). "Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says". Buenos Aires Herald.

272. "Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei". Bloomberg. March 31, 2025.

273. "Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over". Reuters.

274. "Argentina | The 2025 inflation was the lowest in 8 years | BBVA Research". www.bbvaresearch.com.

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277. "UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition". World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).

278. "México DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos turísticos favoritos". Infobae América. June 2011.

279. "Argentina – Roadways". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013.

280. "The 100 goals of Macri until 2019: from inflation at 5% to 2800 kilometers of new highways". 15 December 2016.

281. "Argentina – Transportation". Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2002.

282. "Argentina – Railways". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013.

283. Desde hoy, toda la línea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km – La Nacion, 09, February 2015

284. Exitosa prueba en la renovada vía a Rosario – EnElSubte, 09, March 2015

285. Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía – Pagina/12, 16 April 2015

286. Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos – EnElSubte, 15 April 2015

287. Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación – Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April 2015

288. "Argentina – Waterways". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2012.

289. "Argentina – Airports with paved runways". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013.

290. Aeberhard, Benson, Phillips 2000, p. 76.

291. Aeberhard, Benson, Phillips 2000, p. 24–25.

292. "Potencia Instalada Energía Eléctrica".

293. "RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022". IRENA.

294. "Argentina investe bilhões para transformar ventos da patagônia em energia".

295. Reneau, Leandro (29 September 2012). "Atucha III se construirá con un 60% de componentes nacionales". Tiempo Argentino.

296. Argüello, Irma (8 January 2009). "Brazil and Argentina's Nuclear Cooperation". Carnegie Endowment for international peace.

297. "Background Note: Argentina". State.gov.

298. "Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear security". State.gov. 13 April 2010.

299. "PEHUENSAT-1". Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial.

300. "'Argentine satellite SAC-D' will be presented in Bariloche". Momento 24.

301. Science and Education in Argentina. argentina.ar

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303. "Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory". Pierre Auger Observatory.

304. Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina . Buenos Aires Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.

305. World Intellectual Property Organization (2024). "Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship". www.wipo.int. World Intellectual Property Organization.

306. "Argentina ranking in the Global Innovation Index 2025". www.wipo.int.

307. "Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015". Gustavo Pérez. INDEC.

308. "Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas". Censo2010.indec.gov.ar.

309. "Proyecciones y estimaciones". www.indec.gob.ar. INDEC.

310. "Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators". UNCEF.

311. Ramiro A. Flores Cruz. "El crecimiento de la población argentina".

312. "Argentina's birth rate declines, but challenges multiply". Buenos Aires Times.

313. Nee, Patrick W. (2015). "Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina". The Internationalist.

314. "The Global Divide on Homosexuality". Pew Research Center. 4 June 2013.

315. Forero, Juan (15 July 2010). "Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage". Seattle Times.

316. Fastenberg, Dan (22 July 2010). "International Gay Marriage". Time.

317. "Argentina – Urbanization". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 26 July 2012.

318. "About Argentina – Major Cities". Government of Argentina. 19 September 2009.

319. "República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010". INDEC.

320. "Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005". National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina.

321. Cruz-Coke, R.; Moreno, R.S. (1994). "Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile". Journal of Medical Genetics.

322. "About Argentina". Government of Argentina.

323. Corach, Daniel; Lao, Oscar; Bobillo, Cecilia; Van Der Gaag, Kristiaan; Zuniga, Sofia; Vermeulen, Mark; Van Duijn, Kate; Goedbloed, Miriam; Vallone, Peter M. (January 2010). "Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA". Annals of Human Genetics.

324. Avena, Sergio A.; Goicoechea, Alicia S.; Rey, Jorge; Dugoujon, Jean M.; Dejean, Cristina B.; Carnese, Francisco R. (April 2006). "Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires". Medicina (Buenos Aires).

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326. Lizcano Fernández, Francisco. "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" [Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century]. Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México.

327. Sánchez, Gonzalo (27 September 2010). "La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años". Clarin.com.

328. Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. The Japanese in Latin America. University of Illinois Press, 2004. ISBN 0252071441, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.

329. "Recopilaron casi 200 años de los sirio libaneses en Argentina". El Independiente.

330. Lizcano Fernández, Francisco. "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" [Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century]. Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México.

331. Montenegro, Silvia (2018). "'Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora". Contemporary Islam.

332. "Early_Muslim_immigration in Argentina", in: ‘Early_Muslim_immigration , Published: 18 December 2022

333. "El varieté de la calle Florida" (Editorial) – Clarín

334. "Patria Grande". Patriagrande.gov.ar.

335. "Alientan la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior – Sociedad –". Perfil.com.

336. "Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina". Global Voices. 20 July 2023.

337. Though not declared official de jure, the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.

338. Lewis, Simons, Fennig 2014.

339. Colantoni, Gurlekian 2004, p. 107–119.

340. "Idioma de Argentina" [Idiom of Argentina]. Qué idioma.

341. Many elder people also speak a macaronic language of Italian and Spanish called cocoliche, which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century.

342. It gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called Belgranodeutsch.

343. 28 July 2010.

344. "Albanian migration and development: state of the art review".

345. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 14, 20.

346. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 2.

347. "International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – Argentina". US Department of State. 2012.

348. In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.[347]

349. Mallimaci, Esquivel, Irrazábal 2008, p. 9.

350. "Latinobarómetro 1995–2017: El Papa Francisco y la Religión en Chile y América Latina". January 2018.

351. Latinobarómetro, (2024). Informe Latinobarómetro 2024: La Democracia Resiliente

352. DellaPergola 2013, p. 50.

353. Mallimaci, Esquivel, Irrazábal 2008, p. 21.

354. Mallimaci, Esquivel, Irrazábal 2008, p. 24.

355. Donadio, Rachel (13 March 2013). "Cardinals Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis". The New York Times.

356. "El Sistema Educativo – Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino". Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación. 2009.

357. "Desde hoy, es obligatorio que todos los niños de cuatro años ingresen al sistema educativo – educación, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses". Infobae.com.

358. Level duration depends on jurisdiction.

359. "Población de 10 años y más por condición de alfabetismo y sexo, según provincia. Año 2010". Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010. INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010.

360. "Total del país. Población de 5 años y más que asistió a un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educación alcanzado y completud del nivel, según sexo y grupo de edad. Año 2010". Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010. INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010.

361. "Sistema Universitario". Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación. 2011.

362. The post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.

363. "IADB". IADB.

364. Estadisticas Vitales – Informacionn Basica Año2008 . Ministry of Health (December 2009)

365. "UNData".

366. UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.

367. UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics. 1997.

368. Luongo, Michael. Frommer's Argentina. Wiley Publishing, 2007.

369. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 91.

370. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 123.

371. Rivas 1989, p. 11.

372. Foster, Lockhart, Lockhart 1998, p. 99.

373. Young, Cisneros 2010, p. 51–52.

374. Bloom 1994, p. 2.

375. Young, Cisneros 2010, p. 52, 80.

376. Young, Cisneros 2010, p. 79, 144.

377. Young, Cisneros 2010, p. 3, 144.

378. Miller 2004, p. 86.

379. Foster, Lockhart, Lockhart 1998, p. 121.

380. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 43.

381. "The "cumbia turra "Has its spokespersons in Paraná:" Los Rompebarrios "is already playing". 29 December 2011.

382. "Buenos Aires – A Passionate City". Radar Magazine. 10 February 2013.

383. Foster, Lockhart, Lockhart 1998, p. 48.

384. Long 2009, p. 21–25.

385. The other top venues being Berlin's Konzerthaus, Vienna's Musikverein, Amsterdam's Concertgebouw and Boston's Symphony Hall.[384]

386. Mora, Carl J. (1989). "Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society". University of California Press.

387. "Argentina – Cultura – Cine". 16 October 2011.

388. King 2000, p. 36.

389. Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1996). "Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator". Animation World Network.

390. "Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013". Cannes. 26 May 2013.

391. "Market Study – Argentina". German Films. August 2013.

392. Stewart, Jennifer (16 July 2006). "Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun". St. Petersburg Times.

393. Gualino, Arnoldo. "Blotta, Erminio". Historia del Arte en Rosario.

394. "La Escultora Adelantada: Lola Mora (1866-1936)". Mujeres Bacanas. 11 February 2017.

395. Martínez-Carter, Karina (14 March 2013). "Preserving history in Buenos Aires". BBC Travel.

396. Aeberhard, Benson, Phillips 2000, p. 45.

397. Akstinat 2013, p. 20.

398. Moore, Don. "Radio with a past in Argentina". A slightly edited version of this article was originally published as Moore, Don (January 1995). "Argentina: Radio with a Past". Monitoring Times. Grove Enterprises.

399. "Argentina–Infraestructura". Mi Buenos Aires Querido. 2002.

400. "Homes with Cable TV in Latin America". LANIC – Latin American Network Information Center. 1999.

401. "Penetración TV paga en hogares 2014 – Argentina". LAMAC – Latin American Multichannel Advertising Council. 2014.

402. "Digital 2024: Argentina". DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. February 23, 2024.

403. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 79, 199, 221.

404. Steiger, Carlos (2006). "Modern Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina". Choices Magazine.

405. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 79.

406. Cannavan, Tom. "About Argentine wine". Wine Pages.

407. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 230, 252, 261–62, 265.

408. 25 September 1953.

409. Nauright, Parrish 2012, p. 124–25.

410. "Pato, Argentina's national sport". Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina. Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación. 18 November 2008.

411. Nauright, Parrish 2012, p. 14–23.

412. Friedman 2007, p. 56, 127.

413. Nauright, Parrish 2012, p. 11.

414. "Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)". Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014. 2014.

415. "Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown". FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]. 8 December 2013.

416. "Argentina – Profile". FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]. 2014.

417. Fischer, Doug (30 September 2011). "10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years". The Ring.

418. Rodríguez 2009, p. 164–65.

419. Nauright, Parrish 2012, p. 144.

420. Nauright, Parrish 2012, p. 135.

421. "Hall of Fame Members". International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum. 2014.

422. Aeberhard, Benson, Phillips 2000, p. 50–51.

423. Nauright, Parrish 2012, p. 128.

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