Armenia · page 6

From Wikipedia, «Armenia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

In the early 1990s, Armenia made substantial changes to the centralised and regimented Soviet system.[275]484 Because at least 98% of students in higher education were Armenian, curricula began to emphasise Armenian history and culture.[275]485 Armenian became the dominant language of instruction, and many schools that had taught in Russian closed by the end of 1991.[275]486 Russian was still widely taught, however, as a second language.[275]487

In 2014, the National Programme for Educational Excellence embarked on creating an internationally competitive and academically rigorous alternative educational programme (the Araratian Baccalaureate) for Armenian schools and increasing the importance and status of the teacher's role in society.[276][277]488

The Ministry of Education and Science is responsible for regulation of the sector.489 Primary and secondary education in Armenia is free, and completion of secondary school is compulsory.[275]490 Higher education in Armenia is harmonized with the Bologna process and the European Higher Education Area.491 The Armenian National Academy of Sciences plays an important role in postgraduate education.492

Schooling takes 12 years in Armenia and breaks down into primary (4 years), middle (5 years) and high school (3 years).493 Schools engage a 10-grade mark system.494 The government also supports Armenian schools outside of Armenia.495

Gross enrollment in tertiary education at 44% in 2015 surpassed peer countries of the South Caucasus but remained below the average for Europe and Central Asia.[278]496 However, public spending per student in tertiary education in GDP-ratio terms is one of the lowest for post-USSR countries (for which data was available).[279]497

Health

Main article: Health in Armenia

Healthcare in Armenia has undergone significant changes since independence in 1991.498 Initially, the Soviet healthcare system was highly centralized and provided free medical assistance to all citizens.499 After independence, the healthcare system underwent reform and primary care services have been free of charge since 2006.500 Despite improvements in accessibility and the implementation of an Open Enrollment programme, out-of-pocket health expenditures remain high and corruption among healthcare professionals remains a concern.[280]501 In 2019, healthcare became free for all citizens under the age of 18 and the number of people receiving free or subsidized care under the Basic Benefits Package was increased.[281][282]502

After a significant decline in earlier decades, crude[283] birth rates in Armenia slightly increased from 13.0 (per 1000 people) in the year 1998 to 14.2 in 2015;[284] this timeframe also showed a similar trajectory in the crude death rate, which grew from 8.6 to 9.3.[285]503 Life expectancy at birth at 74.8 years was the 4th-highest among the Post-Soviet states in 2014.[286]504

Culture

Main article: Culture of Armenia

Architecture

Main article: Armenian architecture

Armenian architecture, as it originates in an earthquake-prone region, tends to be built with this hazard in mind.505 Armenian buildings tend to be rather low-slung and thick-walled in design.506 Armenia has abundant resources of stone, and relatively few forests, so stone was nearly always used throughout for large buildings.507 Small buildings and most residential buildings were normally constructed of lighter materials, and hardly any early examples survive, as at the abandoned medieval capital of Ani.[287]508

Music and dance

Main article: Music of Armenia

The duduk, dhol, zurna, and kanun are common instruments in Armenian folk music.509 The 18th century bard Sayat Nova influenced the development of Armenian folk music.510 Armenian chant is a common form of religious music in Armenia.511 Under Soviet rule, the Armenian composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally known for his music, including the "Sabre Dance" from his composition for the ballet Gayane.512

Art

Main article: Armenian art

Media

Main article: Media of Armenia

Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues.527 The Constitution of Armenia guarantees freedom of speech and Armenia ranks 61st in the 2020 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders, between Georgia and Poland.[289]528 Armenia's press freedom rose considerably following the 2018 Velvet Revolution.[290]529

As of 2020, the biggest issue facing press freedom in Armenia is judicial harassment of journalists, specifically defamation suits and attacks on journalists' right to protect sources,[291] as well as excessive responses to combat disinformation spread by social media users.530 Reporters Without Borders also cites continued concerns about lack of transparency regarding ownership of media outlets.[289]531

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Armenia

Cinema in Armenia was officially established on 16 April 1923, with the founding of the Armenian State Committee of Cinema by a decree of the Soviet Armenian government.[292]532

Prior to this, the first Armenian film, titled "Haykakan Sinema", was produced in 1912 in Cairo corpus by Armenian-Egyptian publisher Vahan Zartarian and premiered on 13 March 1913.[293]533

In March 1924 the first Armenian film studio, Armenfilm, was established in Yerevan corpus, beginning with the documentary film "Soviet Armenia".534

"Namus" directed by Hamo Beknazarian in 1925, was the first Armenian silent black-and-white film.[294]535 Based on Alexander Shirvanzade's 1885 novel, it portrays the tragic fate of two lovers whose engagement is thwarted due to violations of "namus" (a tradition of honor), leading the girl's father to marry her to another man.[295]536

The first Armenian sound film, "Pepo," was directed by Hamo Beknazarian in 1935.[296][297]537

Sport

Main article: Sport in Armenia, Chess in Armenia

Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level.538 Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF).539 It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games.540

Prior to 1992, Armenians participated in the Olympics representing the USSR.541 As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions.542 The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.543 To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:544

"Armenian sportsmen had to outdo their opponents by several notches for the shot at being accepted into any Soviet team.545 But those difficulties notwithstanding, 90 percent of Armenian athletes on Soviet Olympic teams came back with medals."[298]546

Armenia first participated at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona under a unified CIS team, where it was very successful, winning three golds and one silver in weightlifting, wrestling and sharp shooting, despite only having five athletes.547 Since the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Armenia has participated as an independent nation.548

Armenia participates in the Summer Olympic Games in boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, track and field, diving, swimming and sharp shooting.549 It also participates in the Winter Olympic Games in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and figure skating.550

Football is also popular in Armenia.551 The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973.552 The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at the quarter-final stage to eventual winner FC Bayern Munich.553 Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSR national football team until the Armenian national football team was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union.554 Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the FIFA World Rankings in September 2011.555 The national team is controlled by the Football Federation of Armenia.556 The Armenian Premier League is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by FC Pyunik in recent seasons.557 The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the Armenian First League.558

Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have produced many successful footballers, including Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Youri Djorkaeff, Alain Boghossian, Andranik Eskandarian, Andranik Teymourian, Edgar Manucharyan, Khoren Oganesian and Nikita Simonyan.559 Djokaeff and Boghossian won the 1998 FIFA World Cup with France, Teymourian competed in the 2006 World Cup for Iran and Manucharyan played in the Dutch Eredivisie for Ajax.560 Mkhitaryan has been one of the most successful Armenian footballers in recent years, playing for international clubs such as Borussia Dortmund, Manchester United, Arsenal, A.S.561 Roma and currently for Inter Milan.[299]562

Wrestling has been a successful sport in the Olympics for Armenia.563 At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Armen Nazaryan won the gold in the Men's Greco-Roman Flyweight (52 kg) category and Armen Mkrtchyan won the silver in Men's Freestyle Paperweight (48 kg) category, securing Armenia's first two medals in its Olympic history.564

Traditional Armenian wrestling is called Kokh and practised in traditional garb; it was one of the influences included in the Soviet combat sport of Sambo, which is also very popular.[300]565

The government of Armenia budgets about $2.8 million annually for sports and gives it to the National Committee of Physical Education and Sports, the body that determines which programmes should benefit from the funds.[298]566

Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million.567 The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government.568 $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of Tsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events.569 In 2005, a cycling centre was opened in Yerevan corpus with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists.570 The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics.[298]571

Armenia has also been very successful in chess, winning the World Champion in 2011 and the World Chess Olympiad on three occasions.[301]572

Bibliography

Badalyan Riegg, Stephen (2020). "573 Russia's Entangled Embrace: The Tsarist Empire and the Armenians, 1801–1914".574 Cornell University Press.575
Bournoutian, George A. (2018). "576 Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914".577 Routledge.578
Bournoutian, George A. (2006). "579 A Concise History of the Armenian People".580 Mazda.581
"The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age".582 Wayne State University Press.583 2000.584
Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). "585 Armenia: A Historical Atlas".586 University of Chicago Press.587
Kévorkian, Raymond (2011). "588 The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History".589 I.B.Tauris.590
Panossian, Razmik (2006). "591 The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars".592 Columbia University Press.593
Payaslian, Simon (2007). "594 The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present".595 Palgrave Macmillan.596
Saparov, Arsène (2015). "597 From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh".598 Routledge.599
Shakarian, Pietro A. (2025). "600 Anastas Mikoyan: An Armenian Reformer in Khrushchev's Kremlin".601 Indiana University Press.602
Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). "603 Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History".604 Indiana University Press.605
Walker, Christopher J. (1990). "606 Armenia: The Survival of a Nation".607 St. Martin's Press.608

External links

Key Development Forecasts for Armenia from International Futures

References

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8. /ɑrˈmiːniə/ ar-MEE-nee-ə[7]; Հայաստան hɑjɑsˈtɑn

9. Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtutʰˈjun

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19. Smaller nations that have claimed a prior official adoption of Christianity include Osroene, the Silures, and San Marino. See Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity.

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21. The republic has separation of church and state.

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25. Ագաթանգեղոս § 885 (ի Հայաստան երկրին)

26. Փաւստոս Բուզանդ 1883=1984, էջ 1 (Հայաստան աշխարհին)

27. Փաւստոս Բուզանդ 1883=1984, 4.բ, էջ 56 (Հայաստան երկրին)

28. 904=1985, էջ 2 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 110 (կանայս ի Հայաստան աշխարհիս)

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