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Ireland · page 7

From Wikipedia, «Ireland», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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For this reason, pork and white meat were more common than beef, and thick fatty strips of salted bacon (known as rashers) and the eating of salted butter (i.e. a dairy product rather than beef itself) have been a central feature of the diet in Ireland since the Middle Ages.[214]565 The practice of bleeding cattle and mixing the blood with milk and butter (not unlike the practice of the Maasai) was common[215] and black pudding, made from blood, grain (usually barley) and seasoning, remains a breakfast staple in Ireland.566 All of these influences can be seen today in the phenomenon of the "breakfast roll".567

The introduction of the potato in the second half of the 16th century heavily influenced cuisine thereafter.568 Great poverty encouraged a subsistence approach to food, and by the mid-19th century, the vast majority of the population sufficed with a diet of potatoes and milk.[216]569 A typical family, consisting of a man, a woman and four children, would eat 18 st of potatoes per week.[214]570 Consequently, dishes that are considered as national dishes represent a fundamental simplicity to cooking, such as the Irish stew, bacon and cabbage, boxty, a type of potato pancake, or colcannon, a dish of mashed potatoes and kale or cabbage.[214]571

Since the last quarter of the 20th century, with a re-emergence of wealth in Ireland, a "New Irish Cuisine" based on traditional ingredients incorporating international influences[217] has emerged.[218]572 This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish (especially salmon, trout, oysters, mussels and other shellfish), as well as traditional soda breads and the wide range of hand-made cheeses that are now being produced across the country.573 An example of this new cuisine is "Dublin Lawyer": lobster cooked in whiskey and cream.[219]574 The potato remains however a fundamental feature of this cuisine and the Irish remain the highest per capita[214] consumers of potatoes in Europe.575 Traditional regional foods can be found throughout the country, for example coddle in Dublin or drisheen in Cork, both a type of sausage, or blaa, a doughy white bread particular to Waterford.576

Ireland once dominated the world's market for whiskey, producing 90% of the world's whiskey at the start of the 20th century.577 However, as a consequence of bootleggers during the prohibition in the United States (who sold poor-quality whiskey bearing Irish-sounding names thus eroding the pre-prohibition popularity for Irish brands)[220] and tariffs on Irish whiskey across the British Empire during the Anglo-Irish Trade War of the 1930s,[221] sales of Irish whiskey worldwide fell to a mere 2% by the mid-20th century.[222]578 In 1953, an Irish government survey found that 50% of whiskey drinkers in the United States had never heard of Irish whiskey.[223]579

Irish whiskey, as researched in 2009 by the CNBC American broadcaster, remains popular domestically and has grown in international sales steadily over a few decades.[224]580 Typically CNBC states Irish whiskey is not as smoky as a Scotch whisky, but not as sweet as American or Canadian whiskies.[224]581 Whiskey forms the basis of cream liqueurs, such as Baileys, and the Irish coffee (a cocktail of coffee and whiskey reputedly invented at Foynes flying-boat station) is probably the best-known Irish cocktail.582

Stout, a kind of porter beer, particularly Guinness, is typically associated with Ireland, although historically it was more closely associated with London.583 Porter remains very popular, although it has lost sales since the mid-20th century to lager.584 Cider, particularly Magners (marketed in the Republic of Ireland as Bulmers), is also a popular drink.585 Red lemonade, a soft-drink, is consumed on its own and as a mixer, particularly with whiskey.[225]586

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Republic of Ireland, Economy of Northern Ireland

See also: International Financial Services Centre, Dublin

The GDP of the Republic of Ireland as of 2021 was €423.5 billion (nominal),[226] and in Northern Ireland in 2021, it was £52 billion (GVA Balanced).[227]587 The GDP per capita in the Republic of Ireland was €84,049.9 (nominal) as of 2021,[226] and in Northern Ireland 2021 was £27,154 (GVA Balanced).[227]588 The Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom measure these numbers differently.589

Despite the two jurisdictions using two distinct currencies (the euro and pound sterling), a growing amount of commercial activity is carried out on an all-Ireland basis.590 This has been facilitated by the two jurisdictions' former shared membership of the European Union, and there have been calls from members of the business community and policymakers for the creation of an "all-Ireland economy" to take advantage of economies of scale and boost competitiveness.[228]591

Regional economics

Below is a comparison of the regional GDP on the island of Ireland.592

Republic of Ireland: Northern and WesternRepublic of Ireland: Eastern and MidlandRepublic of Ireland: SouthernUnited Kingdom: Northern Ireland
GDP (as of 2018): €22 bn[229]GDP (as of 2018): €175 bn[229]GDP (as of 2018): €127 bn[229]GDP (as of 2023): £63 bn[230]
€24,926 per person[231]€74,824 per person[231]€77,794 per person[231]£32,944 per person[230]

Northern Ireland trade comparison

Below is a comparison of the goods being sold and purchased between Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom, compared with the goods being exported and imported between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland:593

Northern Ireland Sales/Exports[232]{{Cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/Overview-of-NI-Trade-April-2023.pdf|access-date=25 July 2023|title=Overview of Northern Ireland Trade594

  • archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725144232/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/Overview-of-NI-Trade-April-2023.pdf}}; United Kingdom; Republic of Ireland595
  • 2020; £11.3 billion; £4.2 billion596
  • 2021; £12.8 billion; £5.2 billion597

Northern Ireland Purchases/Imports[232]598

United KingdomRepublic of Ireland
2020£13.4 billion£2.5 billion
2021£14.4 billion£3.1 billion

Cost of living comparison

Below is a comparison of the monthly cost of living and average wage after tax in Northern Ireland versus those in the Republic of Ireland in 2023:599

Monthly Cost of Living Comparison[233][234]600

Northern IrelandRepublic of Ireland
Cost of living (1 person)$1459$2198
Average wage after tax$2393$3010

Economic history

Main article: Economic history of Ireland

Prior to partition in 1921, Ireland had a long history as an economic colony – first, partially, of the Norse, via their cities (9th to 10th centuries CE), and later, to varying extents, of polities related to England.601 Though the climate and soil favoured certain forms of agriculture,[235] trade barriers frequently hobbled its development.602 Repeated invasions and plantations disrupted land-ownership, and multiple failed uprisings also contributed to repeated phases of deportation and of emigration.603

Salient events in the economic history of Ireland include:604

Major industries

Tourism

Main article: Tourist destinations in Ireland

There are two World Heritage Sites on the island: the Brú na Bóinne complex and the Giant's Causeway.[237]608 Several other places are on the tentative list, for example the Burren, the Ceide Fields[238] and Mount Stewart.[239]609

Some of the most visited sites in Ireland include Bunratty Castle, the Rock of Cashel, the Cliffs of Moher, Holy Cross Abbey and Blarney Castle.[240]610 Historically important monastic sites include Glendalough and Clonmacnoise, which are maintained as national monuments in the Republic of Ireland.[241]611

The Dublin region receives the most tourists[240] and is home to several of the most popular attractions such as the Guinness Storehouse and Book of Kells.[240]612 The west and south west, which includes the Lakes of Killarney and the Dingle peninsula in County Kerry and Connemara and the Aran Islands in County Galway, are also popular tourist destinations.[240]613

Stately homes, built during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries in Palladian, Neoclassical and neo-Gothic styles, such as Castle Ward, Castletown House, Bantry House, Strokestown Park and Glenveagh Castle are also of interest to tourists.614 Some have been converted into hotels, such as Ashford Castle,[242] Castle Leslie[243] and Dromoland Castle.[244]615

Energy

Main article: Energy in Ireland

Although for most of their existence electricity networks in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were entirely separate, the island has operated for some time as a single market for electricity.[245]616 Both networks were designed and constructed independently post-partition but they are now connected with three interlinks[246] and are also connected through Great Britain to mainland Europe.617 The situation in Northern Ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies not supplying Northern Ireland Electricity with enough power.618 In the Republic of Ireland, the ESB has failed to modernise its power stations, and the availability of power plants has recently averaged only 66%, one of the worst such rates in Western Europe.619 EirGrid has started building a HVDC transmission line between Ireland and Great Britain with a capacity of 500 MW,[247] about 10% of Ireland's peak demand.620

As with electricity, the natural gas distribution network is also now all-island, with a pipeline linking Gormanston, County Meath, and Ballyclare, County Antrim.[248]621 Most of Ireland's gas comes through interconnectors between Twynholm in Scotland and Ballylumford, County Antrim and Loughshinny, County Dublin.622 Supplies come from the Corrib Gas Field, off the coast of County Mayo, with a supply previously also coming from the Kinsale gas field off the County Cork coast.[249][250]623 The County Mayo field faces some localised opposition over a controversial decision to refine the gas onshore.624

Ireland has an ancient industry based on peat (known locally as "turf") as a source of energy for home fires.625 A form of biomass energy, this source of heat is still widely used in rural areas.626 However, because of the ecological importance of peatlands in storing carbon and their rarity, the EU is attempting to protect this habitat by fining Ireland for digging up peat.627 In cities, heat is generally supplied by natural gas or heating oil, although some urban suppliers distribute sods of turf as "smokeless fuel" for domestic use.628

The Republic has a strong commitment to renewable energy and ranks as one of the top 10 markets for clean-technology investment in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index.[251]629 Research and development in renewable energy (such as wind power) has increased since 2004.630 Large wind farms have been constructed in Cork, Donegal, Mayo and Antrim.631 The construction of wind farms has in some cases been delayed by opposition from local communities, some of whom regard the wind turbines as unsightly.632 The Republic is hindered by an ageing network that was not designed to handle the varying availability of power that comes from wind farms.633 The ESB's Turlough Hill facility is the only power-storage facility in the state.[252]634

Bibliography

External links

Government of Ireland

Northern Ireland Executive

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