Italy · page 7

From Wikipedia, «Italy», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

Ballet originated in Italy during the Renaissance, as an outgrowth of court pageantry.[366][367]613

Music

Main article: Music of Italy

From folk to classical, music is an intrinsic part of Italian culture.614 Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy,[368] and many prevailing forms, such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata, trace their roots back to innovations in 16th- and 17th-century Italian music.615

Italy's most famous composers include the Renaissance Palestrina, Monteverdi, and Gesualdo; the Baroque Scarlatti, and Vivaldi; the classical Paganini, and Rossini; and the Romantic Verdi and Puccini.616 Classical music has a strong hold in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its opera houses, such as La Scala, and performers such as the pianist Maurizio Pollini and tenor Luciano Pavarotti.617 Italy is known as the birthplace of opera.[369]618 Italian opera is believed to have been founded in the 17th century.[369]619

Introduced in the early 1920s, jazz gained a strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite xenophobic policies of the fascists.620 Italy was represented in the progressive rock and pop movements of the 1970s, with bands such as PFM, Banco del Mutuo Soccorso, Le Orme, Goblin, and Pooh.[370]621 The same period saw diversification in the cinema of Italy, and Cinecittà films included complex scores by composers including Ennio Morricone.622 In the 1980s, the first star to emerge from Italian hip hop was singer Jovanotti.[371]623 Italian metal bands include Rhapsody of Fire, Lacuna Coil, Elvenking, Forgotten Tomb, and Fleshgod Apocalypse.[372]624

Italy contributed to the development of disco and electronic music, with Italo disco, known for its futuristic sound and prominent use of synthesisers and drum machines, one of the earliest electronic dance genres.[373]625 Producers such as Giorgio Moroder, who won three Academy Awards and four Golden Globes, were influential in the development of electronic dance music.[374]626 Italian pop is represented annually with the Sanremo Music Festival, which served as inspiration for the Eurovision Song Contest.[375]627 Gigliola Cinquetti, Toto Cutugno, and Måneskin won Eurovision, in 1964, 1990, and 2021 respectively.628 Singers such as Domenico Modugno, Mina, Andrea Bocelli, Raffaella Carrà, Il Volo, Al Bano, Toto Cutugno, Nek, Umberto Tozzi, Giorgia, Grammy winner Laura Pausini, Eros Ramazzotti, Tiziano Ferro, Måneskin, and others have received international acclaim.[376]629

Fashion and design

Main article: Italian fashion, Italian design

Italian fashion has a long tradition.630 Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings (2013), by Global Language Monitor, ranked Rome sixth and Milan twelfth.[377]631 Major Italian fashion labels – such as Gucci, Armani, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Dolce & Gabbana – are among the finest fashion houses in the world.632 Jewellers such as Bulgari, Damiani, and Buccellati were founded in Italy.633 The fashion magazine Vogue Italia is one of the most prestigious fashion magazines in the world.[378]634

Italy is prominent in the field of design, notably interior, architectural, industrial, and urban designs.[379][380]635 Milan and Turin are the nation's leaders in architectural and industrial design.636 The city of Milan hosts Fiera Milano, Europe's largest design fair.[381]637 Milan hosts major design- and architecture-related events and venues, such as the Fuori Salone and the Milan Furniture Fair, and has been home to the designers Bruno Munari, Lucio Fontana, Enrico Castellani, and Piero Manzoni.[382]638

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Italy

Italian cinema began just after the Lumière brothers introduced motion picture exhibitions.[383]639 The first Italian director is Vittorio Calcina, who filmed Pope Leo XIII in 1896.[384]640 Cabiria, from 1914, is the most famous Italian silent film.[385][386]641 The oldest European avant-garde cinema movement, Italian futurism, took place in the late 1910s.[387]642

After decline in the 1920s, the industry was revitalised in the 1930s with the arrival of sound.643 A popular Italian genre, the Telefoni Bianchi, consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds.[388]644 Calligrafismo was a sharp contrast to the Telefoni Bianchi-American style comedies and is rather artistic, highly formalistic, expressive in complexity, and deals mainly with contemporary literary material.[389]645 Cinema was used by Mussolini, who founded Rome's renowned Cinecittà studio, for the production of Fascist propaganda.[390]646

After World War II, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline occurred in the 1980s.[391]647 Italian film directors include Federico Fellini, Sergio Leone, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Duccio Tessari, Luchino Visconti, Vittorio De Sica, Michelangelo Antonioni, and Roberto Rossellini, recognised among the greatest of all time.[392]648 The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of Italian neorealism, reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.[393]649

As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and the commedia all'italiana genre and other film genres, such as sword-and-sandal and spaghetti Westerns, were popular in the 1960s and 70s.[394]650 Actresses such as Sophia Loren achieved international stardom.651 Erotic Italian thrillers, or gialli, produced by directors such as Dario Argento in the 1970s, influenced horror.[395]652 Recently, the Italian scene has received only occasional attention, with movies such as Life Is Beautiful, Cinema Paradiso, and Il Postino: The Postman.[396]653

Cinecittà studio is the largest film and television production facility in Europe,[397] where many international box office hits were filmed.654 In the 1950s, the number of international productions made there led to Rome's being dubbed "Hollywood on the Tiber".655 More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, of which 90 received an Academy Award nomination, with 47 wins.[398]656 Italy is the most awarded country at the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, with 14 wins, 3 Special Awards, and 31 nominations.[399] as of 2016, Italian films have won 12 Palmes d'Or,[400] 11 Golden Lions,[401] and 7 Golden Bears.[402]657

Cuisine

Main article: Italian cuisine, Italian meal structure, List of Italian foods and drinks

Italian cuisine is heavily influenced by Etruscan, ancient Greek, ancient Roman, Byzantine, Arabic, and Jewish cuisines.[403]658 Significant changes occurred with the discovery of the New World, with items such as potatoes, tomatoes, and maize becoming main ingredients from the 18th century.[404]659 The Mediterranean diet forms the basis of Italian cuisine, which is rich in pasta, fish, fruits, and vegetables and characterised by its simplicity and variety, with many dishes having only four to eight ingredients.[405]660 Italian cuisine is noted for its regional diversity,[406] abundance of difference in taste, and as one of the most popular in the world,[407] wielding strong influence abroad.[408][409][410]661

Italian cuisine relies heavily on traditional products; the country has a large number of traditional specialties protected under EU law.[411]662 Italy is home to 395 Michelin star-rated restaurants.[412]663 Cheese, cold cuts, and wine are central to Italian cuisine, with regional declinations and protected designation of origin or protected geographical indication labels, along with pizza and coffee forming part of gastronomic culture.[413]664 Desserts have a long tradition of merging local flavours, such as citrus fruits, pistachio, and almonds, with sweet cheeses such as mascarpone and ricotta or exotic tastes such as cocoa, vanilla, and cinnamon.665 Gelato,[414] tiramisu,[415] and cassata are among the most famous examples of Italian desserts.666

The Italian meal structure is typical of the Mediterranean region and differs from North, Central, and East European meal structures, although it still often consists of breakfast (colazione), lunch (pranzo), and dinner (cena).[416]667 However, much less emphasis is placed on breakfast, which is often skipped or involves lighter portions than are seen in non-Mediterranean Western countries.[417]668 Late-morning and mid-afternoon snacks, called merenda (: merende), are often included.[418]669

Sport

Main article: Sport in Italy

The most popular sport is football.[419]670 Italy's team is one of the most successful, with four World Cup victories (1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006) and two UEFA Euro victories (1968 and 2020).[420]671 Italian clubs have won 48 major European trophies, making Italy the second most successful country in Europe, after Spain.672 Italy's top league is Serie A and is followed by millions of fans around the world.[421]673

Other popular team sports include basketball, volleyball, and rugby.[422]674 Italy's male and female national volleyball teams are often featured among the world's best.675 The men's team won three consecutive World Championships (in 1990, 1994, and 1998).676 Italy men's basketball team's best results were gold at EuroBasket 1983 and 1999, and silver at the 2004 Olympics.677 Lega Basket Serie A is one of the most competitive in Europe.[423]678 The Italy national rugby union team competes in the Six Nations Championship, and at the Rugby World Cup.679

Among individual sports, bicycle racing is popular;[424] Italians have won the UCI World Championships more than any other country, except Belgium corpus.680 The Giro d'Italia is a cycling race held every May and one of the three Grand Tours.681 Alpine skiing is a widespread sport, and the country is a popular skiing destination.[425]682 Italian skiers achieve good results in Winter Olympic Games and the Alpine Ski World Cup.683 Tennis has a significant following: it is the fourth most practised sport.[426]684 The Rome Masters, founded in 1930, is one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments.[427]685 Italian players won the Davis Cup 4 times (1976, 2023, 2024 and 2025) and the Billie Jean King Cup 6 times (2006, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2024 and 2025).686

Motorsports are popular.[422]687 Italy has won, by far, the most MotoGP World Championships.688 Italian Scuderia Ferrari is the oldest surviving team in Grand Prix racing,[428] competing since 1948, and the most successful Formula One team with 232 wins.689 The Italian Grand Prix of Formula One has been held since 1921[429] always at Autodromo Nazionale Monza (except 1980).[430]690 Other successful Italian car manufacturers in motorsports are Alfa Romeo, Lancia, Maserati, and Fiat.[431]691

Italy has been successful in the Olympics, taking part from the first Olympiad and in 47 Games out of 48 (not 1904).[432]692 Italians have won 618 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and 141 at the Winter Olympics, with 259 golds, the sixth most successful for total medals.693 The country hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960; and the Winter Olympics in 1956, 2006, and is currently hosting the 2026 edition in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo.694

Public holidays, festivals and folklore

Main article: Public holidays in Italy, Traditions of Italy, Folklore of Italy

Public holidays include religious, national, and regional observances.695 Italy's National Day, the Festa della Repubblica ('Republic Day'),[433] is celebrated on 2 June, with the main celebration taking place in Rome, and commemorates the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946.[434]696 The ceremony includes deposition of a wreath as a tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier and a military parade along Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome.697

Saint Lucy's Day, on 13 December, is popular among children in some Italian regions, where she plays a role similar to Santa Claus.[435]698 The Epiphany is associated with the folklore figure of Befana, a broomstick-riding old woman who, on the night of 5 January, brings good children gifts, and bad ones charcoal or bags of ashes.[436]699 The Assumption of Mary coincides with Ferragosto on 15 August, the summer vacation period.[437]700 The Italian national patronal day, on 4 October, celebrates Saints Francis and Catherine.701 Each city or town also celebrates a public holiday on the festival of the local patron saint.[434]702 Natale di Roma (lit.703 ‘Birthday of Rome corpus’) is an annual festival held in Rome on 21 April to celebrate the legendary founding of the city.[438]704 According to legend, Romulus is said to have founded the city of Rome on 21 April 753 BC.[439]705

Festivals and festivities include the Palio di Siena horse race, Holy Week rites, Saracen Joust of Arezzo, and the calcio storico fiorentino.706 In 2013, UNESCO included among the intangible cultural heritage Italian festivals and pasos, such as the Varia di Palmi, the Macchina di Santa Rosa in Viterbo, and faradda di li candareri in Sassari.[440]707 Other festivals include carnivals in Venice, Viareggio, Ivrea, Foiano della Chiana, and Satriano di Lucania.708 The Venice Film Festival, awarding the Golden Lion and held since 1932, is the oldest in the world and one of the "Big Three" European film festivals, alongside Cannes and Berlin.[441]709

Bibliography

Cushman-Roisin, Benoit; Gačić, Miroslav; Poulain, Pierre-Marie (2001). "710 Physical oceanography of the Adriatic Sea".711 Springer.712
"FastiOnline: A database of archaeological excavations since the year 2000".713 International Association of Classical Archaeology (AIAC).714 2004–2007.715
Hibberd, Matthew.716 The media in Italy (McGraw-Hill International, 2007).717
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Sassoon, Donald.720 Contemporary Italy: politics, economy and society since 1945 (Routledge, 2014).721
"Italy History – Italian History Index".722 European University Institute, The World Wide Web Virtual Library.723 1995–2010.724

External links

Italy from BBC News

"Italy". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

"Italy". UCB Libraries GovPubs.

Italy from the OECD

Italy country profile at the European Union website

Key Development Forecasts for Italy from International Futures

Government website

Italian tourism official website

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291. Dell'orto, Giovanna (5 October 2023). "The Nones: Italy". Associated Press News.; Dell'orto, Giovanna (5 October 2023). "From cradle to casket, life for Italians changes as Catholic faith loses relevance". Associated Press News.

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293. The Holy See publishes a 'Statistical Yearbook of the Church' every year.

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341. Steven Swann Jones, The Fairy Tale: The Magic Mirror of Imagination, Twayne Publishers, New York, 1995, ISBN 0-8057-0950-9, p. 38; Bottigheimer 2012a, 7; Waters 1894, xii; Zipes 2015, 599.; Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1974). "The Classic Fairy Tales". Oxford University Press. See p. 20. The claim for earliest fairy-tale is still debated, see for example Jan M. Ziolkowski, Fairy tales from before fairy tales: the medieval Latin past of wonderful lies, University of Michigan Press, 2007. Ziolkowski examines Egbert of Liège's Latin beast poem Fecunda natis (The Richly Laden Ship, c. 1022/24), the earliest known version of "Little Red Riding Hood". Further info: Little Red Pentecostal, Peter J. Leithart, 9 July 2007.

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360. "Storia del teatro: lo spazio scenico in Toscana".

361. Of this second line, Dario Fo speaks of a true alternative culture to the official one: although widespread as an idea, some scholars such as Giovanni Antonucci do not agree in considering it as such. In this regard, see Antonucci, Giovanni (1995). "Storia del teatro italiano". Newton Compton Editori.

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